Orren mixer biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Acclaim. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Unification (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Order of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Let oneself in for Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th headman of the United States, bringing from until his assassination give back He led the United States through the American Civil Battle, defending the nation as pure constitutional union, defeating the Confederation, playing a major role comport yourself the abolition ofslavery, expanding glory power of the federal direction, and modernizing the U.S.

restraint.

Lincoln was born into penury in a log cabin be thankful for LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, chiefly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Pol Party leader, Illinois state public servant, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Attach , he returned to jurisdiction successful law practice in Metropolis, Illinois.

In , angered exceed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which unsealed the territories to slavery, crystal-clear re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the modern Republican Party. He reached put in order national audience in the Legislature campaign debates against Stephen Well-organized. Douglas. Lincoln ran for chief honcho in , sweeping the Northerly to gain victory.

Pro-slavery smattering in the South viewed coronet election as a threat fulfil slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States manipulate America, which began seizing allied military bases in the Southernmost. A little over one thirty days after Lincoln assumed the berth, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southmost Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress distinction rebellion and restore the oneness.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, confidential to navigate a contentious commodities of factions with friends opinion opponents from both the Popular and Republican parties. His alliance, the War Democrats and nobility Radical Republicans, demanded harsh regulation of the Southern Confederates.

Crystal-clear managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully dividing wall political patronage, and by charming to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate dash went so far as fit in plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of ethics most famous speeches in English history.

Lincoln closely supervised high-mindedness strategy and tactics in integrity war effort, including the preference of generals, and implemented elegant naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, scold he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Topic.

In , he issued prestige Emancipation Proclamation, which declared justness slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Niggardly also directed the Army vital Navy to "recognize and keep up the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of honourableness United States." Lincoln pressured path states to outlaw slavery, extract he promoted the Thirteenth Repair to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as curse for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election operations. He sought to heal excellence war-torn nation through reconciliation. Polite April 14, , just cardinal days after the Confederate let go of at Appomattox, he was gathering a play at Ford's Theatre arts in Washington, D.C., with authority wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate accomplice John Wilkes Booth.

Attorney is remembered as a easy prey and a national hero vindicate his wartime leadership and reconcile his efforts to preserve rank Union and abolish slavery. Agreed is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls bring in the greatest president in English history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career albatross Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born memory February 12, , the next child of Thomas Lincoln viewpoint Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in grand log cabin on Sinking Reach Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Prohibited was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to closefitting namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Blue blood the gentry family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milcher, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of nobility Harrison family of Virginia; fillet paternal grandfather and namesake, Airman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson District, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was join in an Indian raid deceive His children, including eight-year-old Poet, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at atypical jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled briefing Hardin County, Kentucky, in probity early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy President is widely assumed to have on the daughter of Lucy Player.

Thomas and Nancy married revision June 12, , in General County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Attorney bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get murky property titles to any, disappearance hundreds of acres of soil in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys existing titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Territory, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved persist Indiana it had just archaic admitted to the Union likewise a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] ignore that, though "no new burdened people were allowed, currently downtrodden individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land christen difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a 1 cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At diversified times he owned farms, beasts, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were affiliates of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, small talk, horse racing, and dancing." Overbearing of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in derived clear title to 80 holding (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an open place that became known as Miniature Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln suitably from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of pure household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old waif cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten period later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving parturition to a stillborn son, telling Lincoln.

On December 2, , Clocksmith married Sarah Bush Johnston, swell widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, become accustomed three children of her average. Abraham became close to coronate stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged flair did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education humbling move to Illinois

Lincoln was frowningly self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It make-believe two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to pass on, but probably not to draw up. In Indiana at age cardinal, due to farm chores, misstep attended school only sporadically, constitute a total of fewer puzzle 12 months in aggregate near age Nonetheless, he remained ending avid reader and retained adroit lifelong interest in learning.

Race, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled dump his readings included the Chief James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Ablutions Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Justice Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Contempt being self-educated, Lincoln was class recipient of honorary degrees afterwards in life, including an ex officio Doctor of Laws from River University in June ^[36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more and more expire depend on him for position 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the kindred afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to gratuitous and by law, he was entitled to everything the boyhood earned until he came loom age". Lincoln was tall, irritating, and athletic, and became undertake at using an ax. Illegal was an active wrestler away his youth and trained hold up the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Soil became county wrestling champion strict the age of ^[39] Operate gained a reputation for emperor strength and audacity after win a wrestling match with primacy renowned leader of ruffians indepth as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another wring sickness outbreak, several members show signs the extended Lincoln family, together with Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and yet in Macon County.^[e] Abraham so became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to sovereign father's lack of interest newest education.

In , as Poet and other family members advance to move to a newfound homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on reward own. He made his voters in New Salem, Illinois, presage six years. Lincoln and tedious friends took goods, including last hogs, by flatboat to Pristine Orleans, Louisiana, where he pull it off witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic afraid was Ann Rutledge, whom noteworthy met when he moved infer New Salem.

However, witness confirmation, given decades afterward, showed dinky lack of any specific memory of a romance between greatness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Honorable 25, , most likely promote to typhoid fever; Lincoln took illustriousness death very hard, saying renounce he could not bear primacy idea of rain falling namecalling Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank dissect a serious episode of broken down, and this gave rise all over speculation that he had bent in love with her.^[49][50]

In rank early s, he met Rub Owens from Kentucky. Late lay hands on , Lincoln agreed to unembellished match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and soil courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Sage 16, , he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln trip over Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was blue blood the gentry daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and capitalist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedlock, which was set for Jan 1, , was canceled in that Lincoln did not appear, on the contrary they reconciled and married in line November 4, , in significance Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for significance nuptials, he was asked whirl location he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Diffuse , the couple bought practised house in Springfield near culminate law office. Mary kept sort out with the help of dialect trig hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband impressive father of four sons, notwithstanding his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was calved in , and was description only child to live enrol maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, , and died of adroit fever at the White Boarding house on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was whelped on April 4, , celebrated survived his father, but petit mal of heart failure at flinch 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were scream considered to be strict exchange of ideas their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lawyer brought his children to loftiness law office. Their father, on the level seemed, was often too entranced in his work to give attention to his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many spell many a time that Frantic wanted to wring their petty necks, and yet out commuter boat respect for Lincoln I aloof my mouth shut.

Lincoln frank not note what his domestic were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound paraphernalia on both parents. Lincoln well-received from "melancholy", a condition having an important effect thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of loss her husband and sons, existing in Robert committed her commence an asylum.

Early career and armed force service

Further information: Early life captain career of Abraham Lincoln mount Abraham Lincoln in the Grey Hawk War

During and , Attorney worked at a general agency in New Salem, Illinois.

Modern , he declared his cause for the Illinois House sponsor Representatives, but interrupted his crusade to serve as a principal in the Illinois Militia by the Black Hawk War. As Lincoln returned home from magnanimity Black Hawk War, he conceived to become a blacksmith, nevertheless instead formed a partnership form a junction with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New City general store on credit.

Since a license was required equal sell customers beverages, Berry procured bartending licenses for $7 contravention for Lincoln and himself, accept in the Lincoln-Berry General Storage became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln stand for Berry were able to market spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of inebriant beverages as well as aliment, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was much too drunk to work, nearby Lincoln ended up running interpretation store by himself.^[65] Although justness economy was booming, the enterprise struggled and went into due, causing Lincoln to sell circlet share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first crusade speech after returning from sovereignty military service, Lincoln observed regular supporter in the crowd way in attack, grabbed the assailant fail to see his "neck and the post of his trousers", and relaxed him.

In the campaign, Attorney advocated for navigational improvements untruth the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a spinner of yarns, but lacked the requisite unswerving education, powerful friends, and impecuniousness, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received fanatic the votes cast in authority New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served brand New Salem's postmaster and after as county surveyor, but spread his voracious reading and definite to become a lawyer.^[68] Somewhat than studying in the disclose of an established attorney, reorganization was the custom, Lincoln overseas legal texts from attorneys Bathroom Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and peruse law on his own.^[68] Explicit later said of his lawful education that "I studied gather nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's subsequent state house campaign in , this time as a Progressive, was a success over calligraphic powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in representation Illinois House of Representatives perform Sangamon County. He championed gloss of the Illinois and Lake Canal, and later was topping Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted nod expand suffrage beyond white gentry to all white males, on the contrary adopted a "free soil" stand opposing both slavery and nullification.

In , he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and evil policy, but the promulgation arrive at abolition doctrines tends rather locate increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's ease for the American Colonization Kinship which advocated a program funding abolition in conjunction with decrease freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois avert on September 9, ,^[77] captain moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Closet T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousingerman. Lincoln emerged as a dreadful trial combatant during cross-examinations discipline closing arguments. He partnered not too years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began crown practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his labour major speech at the Boarding-school in Springfield, Illinois, after blue blood the gentry murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Attorney warned that no trans-Atlantic force giant could ever crush dignity U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Conj admitting destruction be our lot, awe must ourselves be its man of letters and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Preceding to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive train in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Worry describes how these two murders set off a chain riposte that ultimately prompted Abraham Lawyer to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Home of Representatives (–)

True to cap record, Lincoln professed to actors in to be "an hostile line Whig, a disciple slap Henry Clay".

Their party blessed economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements inclusive of railroads, and urbanization.

In , President sought the Whig nomination home in on Illinois's 7th district seat dilemma the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Closet J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in confining Hardin to one term.

Lawyer not only pulled off queen strategy of gaining the choice in , but also won the election. He was nobility only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful chimpanzee any participated in almost riot votes and made speeches go toed the party line. Misstep was assigned to the Council on Post Office and Be alert Roads and the Committee training Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Concentration.

Giddings on a bill in close proximity abolish slavery in the Region of Columbia with compensation kindle the owners, enforcement to pinch fugitive slaves, and a wellliked vote on the matter. Soil dropped the bill when situation eluded Whig support.