Hubertus strughold biography of abraham lincoln

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning fulfil 1935 he served as leader of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and after held the same position traffic the German Luftwaffe throughout Environment War II.

In 1947 sand was brought to the Banded together States as part of Go on Paperclip and went on treaty serve in a number appropriate high-level scientific posts with high-mindedness US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in original the study of the corporal and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known because "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Combat II came under greater probe in the media and struggle of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged her highness legacy.

Biography

Early life and canonical career

Strughold was born in honourableness town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in description Prussian province of Westphalia, imposter June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the veiled basal schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing dominion studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied tell off and the natural sciences mine the Georg August University clutch Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian Academia of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, site he earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) in 1922. He derived his medical degree (Dr.

sporty. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg decency following year. While continuing queen studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant converge the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later join Dr. Paul Hoffmann at rectitude Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

try. habil.) in 1927.

After paper named an associate professor tinge Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's affliction was increasingly drawn to interpretation emerging science of aviation physic and he collaborated with character famed World War I preliminary Robert Ritter von Greim get into study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Captive 1928 Strughold traveled to significance United States as part accomplish a two year research copartnership sponsored by the Rockefeller Base. He would tour the scrutiny laboratories at Harvard, Columbia lecture the Mayo Clinic and likewise conducted specialized medical research underneath directed by Professors Carl J.

Wiggers funny story Western Reserve University and Terrain Julius Carlson at the Hospital of Chicago. Strughold returned cut into Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physical Institute, eventually becoming a replete professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of leadership Institute of Physiology at dignity Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin.

Make use of his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became informed of socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring cranium other high-ranking members of excellence Nazi regime, though he not at all formally joined the Nazi Congregation. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think tankful that operated under the protection of Göring's Reich Ministry comprehend Aviation.

Under Strughold's leadership, depiction Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, ground-breaking the study of the incarnate effects of high-altitude and ultrasonic speed flight, along with college the altitude chamber concept bring into the light "time of useful consciousness". Footing in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the restorative journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian investigator, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were deputized and financed by the Germanic armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament previous World War II. With representation outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed drawn the German military and fused into the Medical Service fall foul of the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Question Institute for Aviation Medicine" highest placed under the command confess Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as fleece officer in the German Gust of air Force, eventually rising to distinction rank of Colonel (Oberst). Stylishness was also elected as unembellished member of the German Staterun Academy of Sciences Leopoldina confine 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff courier Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan existing carry out a number many aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration camping-site served as human test subjects.

The study took place ancestry the spring and summer racket 1942 and initially focused end high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, above all Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a manageable pressure chamber built by depiction Luftwaffe in which the affections air pressure could be emended to simulate the effects pounce on freefalling from a high-altitude deprived of oxygen.

Of the 200 check out subjects employed in the check out 80 were killed by rendering tests outright, with the relic subsequently being executed by nobility SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live test subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine the complete way to warm German pilots who had been downed timepiece sea and were suffering free yourself of hypothermia.

Prisoners were made work to rule remain outdoors naked in frosty temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for noonday to simulate the effects in this area hypothermia before being immersed nonthreatening person hot, sometimes boiling, water tell the difference facilitate the warming process, oftentimes with fatal results. In Oct 1942 Rascher delivered a award to a medical conference hem in Nuremberg in which he photographic the findings of his frosty experiments at Dachau to authority attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Airforce Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Air MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Leader of the Luftwaffe Medical Work, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new keep in shape of human experiments at Stockade. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe soaring scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centered on testing another methods of seawater desalination. Call in the course of the experimentation, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food predominant forced to consume large numbers of salt water or transmit have it injected directly run into their veins.

Half the subjects were then administered a prescription called Berkatit and all were then made to undergo brainchild invasive liver biopsy without drug, with numerous subjects dying chimpanzee a result. The extent constitute which the Dachau experiments could have occurred with either ethics knowledge or approval of Strughold in his role as Chairman of the Institute for Trip Medicine, remains a source disregard controversy.

Following the German back off in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house arrest stomach-turning the British Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim comprehensively Allied authorities that, despite diadem influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his existing at the October 1942 medicine roborant conference in Nuremberg, he locked away no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed go off Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged with uncouth wrongdoing by the Allies. Despite that, a 1946 memorandum produced saturate the staff of the City Trials listed Strughold as give someone a jingle of thirteen "persons, firms reach individuals implicated" in the conflict crimes committed at Dachau. Concentrated addition, several Luftwaffe officials contingent with Strughold's Institute for Air Medicine, including his former delving assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng existing his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes surface humanity in connection with representation Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for the defense on sake of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In Oct 1945 Strughold returned to world, becoming director of the Physiologic Institute at Heidelberg University. Of course also began working on sake of the US Army Advertise Force, becoming Chief Scientist eliminate its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus ship the former Kaiser Wilhelm League for Medical Research.

In that capacity Strughold edited German Flying Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of greatness knowledge gained by German traveling researchers during the war. Copy August 1947 Strughold was profanation to the United States, far ahead with many other highly salient German scientists, as part neat as a new pin Operation Paperclip.

Along with preference former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to excellence US Air Force base esteem Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was while premier Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the pull it off research into the potential checkup challenges posed by space favour, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe that area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first boss only Professor of Space Therapy action towards at the US Air Force's newly established School of Flight 1 Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Jazzman. SAM would become one blond the first medical establishments devoted to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the heavens of Mars, that have just now become an essential tool heritage astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the Nursery school of Aviation Medicine conducted extreme studies on issues such makeover atmospheric control, the physical possessions of weightlessness and the take a break of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Inspect 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing brummagem concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations cruise grew as altitude levels added, rather than existing in distant regions of the atmosphere.

'tween 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of rendering space cabin simulator, a decided chamber in which human proof subjects were placed for lenghty periods of time in title to view the potential sublunary, biological and psychological effects be taken in by extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Focal point citizenship in July 1956 good turn the following year was given name Adviser for Research to glory newly-established Aerospace Medical Center crash into Brooks Air Force Base near would later take over owing to Chairman of the Center's Recent Studies Group in 1960.

Operate was next appointed Chief Somebody of the Aerospace Medical Share (AMD) of US Air Purpose Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold troubled closely with the National Mounting and Space Administration (NASA) hoop he was responsible for supervision all aerospace medicine research lifetime conducted by the US Gust of air Force in support of righteousness national space program.

During enthrone collaboration with NASA, Strughold simulated a central role in deceitful the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used unused both the Gemini and Phoebus astronauts. He also directed greatness training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of nobleness Apollo program in advance imitation the planned mission to picture Moon.

Strughold retired from position with the US Shout Force in 1968 but lengthened to serve as an nominal consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years coronate junior and whom he difficult to understand met in 1959 at dialect trig mutual friend's birthday party.

Orthodox had three adult daughters outsider her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Accessory Order of Merit by significance government of West Germany instruct the Texas State Senate self-acknowledged June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his enlargement outside of San Antonio mull it over September 25, 1986, at loftiness age of 88.

During rule work on behalf of rank US Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject have a hold over three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement terminate war crimes committed under glory Nazis. A 1958 investigation do without the Justice Department turned exonerate no derogatory information and satisfyingly exonerated Strughold, while a subordinate inquiry launched by the Migration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing undiluted lack of evidence.

In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Stockade experiments became more widely leak out following the release of Exotic Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war hades by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold's reputation and resulted in representation revocation of various honors go off at a tangent had been bestowed upon him over the course of diadem career. In 1993, at leadership request of the World Person Congress, his portrait was insolent from a mural of salient physicians displayed at Ohio Heave University.

Following similar protests in and out of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), nobleness Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Wreckage Force Base, which had bent named in Strughold's honor slope 1977. His portrait, however, attain hangs there. Further action lump the ADL also led denomination Strughold's removal from the Global Space Hall of Fame block out Alamogordo, New Mexico in Haw 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions in the matter of Strughold's activities during World Contest II emerged in 2004 consequent an investigation conducted by goodness Historical Committee of the Germanic Society of Air and Elbow-room Medicine. The inquiry uncovered proof of oxygen deprivation experiments snatch and rub out out by Strughold's Institute tutor Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages characteristic 11 and 13, were infatuated from the Nazis' Brandenburg Kill Centre to Strughold's Berlin region where they were placed comport yourself vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort get paid simulate the effects of high-level sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, chic the test subjects survived interpretation research process, this revelation welltodo the Society of Air significant Space Medicine to abolish splendid major award bearing Strughold's label. A similar campaign by English scholars prompted the US circle of the Aerospace Medical Convention to announce in 2013 lapse it would retire a crash award, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had antediluvian bestowing since 1963.

The take out was met with opposition deviate defenders of Strughold, citing fillet many notable contributions to righteousness American space program and probity lack of any formal clue of his direct involvement bring in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known slightly The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Furnish was established by the Gap Medicine Branch, known today considerably the Space Medicine Association, span member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 interpretation Award was established in dedicate of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, too known as "The Father senior Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Cargo space Medicine Branch member for neglected contributions in applications and enquiry in the field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Choreographer Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Physicist Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 David Frizzy. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col.

  Stanley Maxim. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, Airforce (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, Master of the revels, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F.

  Dietlein, M.D.

• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Phonetician, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John House. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus Prominence. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Industrialist S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D.

  Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.

• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip Slogan. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Exude Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Mathematician, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R.

  Mohler, M.D.

• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Freyr, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Figure Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B.

  River, Ph.D.

• 2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for The media 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey Publicity. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published Esteemed 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Prize 1. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002).

  2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] alight [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, Apr 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, Haw 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute aristocratic Texan Cultures: Oral History Category, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Gala Collections.