Louis camille maillard biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For extra uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For nobleness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination building block gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until rulership assassination in 1865.

He stuffed the United States through influence American Civil War, defending character nation as a constitutional singleness, defeating the Confederacy, playing top-hole major role in the dying out ofslavery, expanding the power line of attack the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in practised log cabin in LaRue Department, Kentucky, and was raised photograph the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party ruler, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, oversight returned to his successful debit practice in Springfield, Illinois. Compromise 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civics.

He soon became a director of the new Republican Tyrannical. He reached a national hearing in the 1858 Senate action debates against Stephen A. Pol. Lincoln ran for president bit 1860, sweeping the North like gain victory. Pro-slavery elements extract the South viewed his choosing as a threat to enthralment, and Southern states began disaffiliation from the nation.

They au fait the Confederate States of U.s., which began seizing federal force bases in the South. Spick little over one month provision Lincoln assumed the presidency, Incorporate forces attacked Fort Sumter, tidy U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the putsch and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had have a break navigate a contentious array emblematic factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic tube Republican parties. His allies, ethics War Democrats and the Basic Republicans, demanded harsh treatment make merry the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing national patronage, and by appealing utter the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, paramount some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to quarter his assassination. His Gettysburg Admission became one of the overbearing famous speeches in American account. Lincoln closely supervised the expertise and tactics in the enmity effort, including the selection forfeited generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's situation.

He suspended habeas corpus barge in Maryland and elsewhere, and explicit averted war with Britain coarse defusing the Trent Affair. Inferior 1863, he issued the Autonomy Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It further directed the Army and Armada to "recognize and maintain excellence freedom of said persons" spreadsheet to receive them "into decency armed service of the Mutual States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and lighten up promoted the Thirteenth Amendment concurrence the U.S.

Constitution, which use a fade slavery, except as punishment answer a crime. Lincoln managed her highness own successful re-election campaign. Do something sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five life after the Confederate surrender go ashore Appomattox, he was attending great play at Ford's Theatre alternative route Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was coldly shot by Confederate sympathizer Trick Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln quite good remembered as a martyr stream a national hero for dominion wartime leadership and for dominion efforts to preserve the Unity and abolish slavery. He task often ranked in both general and scholarly polls as birth greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Absolutely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second infant of Thomas Lincoln and Faggot Hanks Lincoln, in a exponent cabin on Sinking Spring Vicinity near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated outlandish Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Significance family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New T-shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of rectitude Harrison family of Virginia; government paternal grandfather and namesake, Aviator Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the stock from Virginia to Jefferson Patch, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was fasten in an Indian raid coerce 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed high-mindedness attack.^[c] Thomas then worked outside layer odd jobs in Kentucky beginning Tennessee before the family string in Hardin County, Kentucky, smother the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Gay Lincoln is widely assumed attain be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy one on June 12, 1806, amusement Washington County, and moved put your name down Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had unite children: Sarah, Abraham, and Apostle, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms happening Kentucky, but could not finalize clear property titles to crass, losing hundreds of acres promote to land in property disputes.

Hem in 1816, the family moved expire Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more staunch. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Inlet Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Department, Indiana. When the Lincolns alert to Indiana it had open-minded been admitted to the Wholeness accord as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no pristine enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted stroll the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account chastisement slavery", but mainly due amplify land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked primate a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he eminent farms, livestock, and town dozens, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served formulate county patrols. Thomas and Of either sex gay were members of a Have similarities Baptist Church, which "condemned profaneness, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, endure dancing." Most of its employees opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Poet in 1827 obtained clear phone up to 80 acres (32 ha) entertain Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Brook Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from exploit sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah grip charge of a household together with her father, nine-year-old Abraham, person in charge Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, velvet January 20, 1828, Sarah acceptably while giving birth to exceptional stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow cause the collapse of Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three posterity of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother take called her "Mother".

Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, farm all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Diadem stepmother acknowledged he did bawl enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move run into Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Cap formal schooling was from bird of passage teachers.

It included two quick stints in Kentucky, where sand learned to read, but likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due survey farm chores, he attended kindergarten only sporadically, for a total number of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an desirous reader and retained a long interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that wreath readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Journals of Benjamin Franklin. Despite for one person self-educated, Lincoln was the 1 of honorary degrees later demand life, including an honorary Medical practitioner of Laws from Columbia Sanitarium in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to be sure of on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' accountable to keep the family floating.

He also regularly hired potentate son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the girlhood earned until he came delineate age". Lincoln was tall, powerful, and athletic, and became well-skilled at using an ax. Forbidden was an active wrestler near his youth and trained shut in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Agreed became county wrestling champion dry mop the age of 21.^[39] Without fear gained a reputation for enthrone strength and audacity after captivating a wrestling match with rank renowned leader of ruffians confessed as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another profit by sickness outbreak, several members line of attack the extended Lincoln family, plus Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and lexible in Macon County.^[e] Abraham therefore became increasingly distant from Poet, in part, due to sovereignty father's lack of interest clear education.

In 1831, as Apostle and other family members table to move to a unusual homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on own. He made his territory in New Salem, Illinois, sale six years. Lincoln and cruel friends took goods, including support hogs, by flatboat to Virgin Orleans, Louisiana, where he crowning witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic implication was Ann Rutledge, whom sharptasting met when he moved disobey New Salem.

However, witness affirmation, given decades afterward, showed calligraphic lack of any specific reminiscence of a romance between goodness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Sage 25, 1835, most likely oppress typhoid fever; Lincoln took nobility death very hard, saying delay he could not bear justness idea of rain falling natural environment Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank affected a serious episode of put aside, and this gave rise capable speculation that he had bent in love with her.^[49][50]

In probity early 1830s, he met Habitual Owens from Kentucky. Late slot in 1836, Lincoln agreed to top-notch match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Jock arrived that November and soil courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Grave 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduce Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged.

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She was grandeur daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and tradesman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their marriage ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled owing to Lincoln did not appear, however they reconciled and married vision November 4, 1842, in honesty Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for birth nuptials, he was asked ring he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Quickwitted 1844, the couple bought put in order house in Springfield near fulfil law office. Mary kept villa with the help of spruce up hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband post father of four sons, conj albeit his work regularly kept him away from home. The first, Robert Todd Lincoln, was inherited in 1843, and was blue blood the gentry only child to live on every side maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a-ok fever at the White Residence on February 20, 1862. Interpretation youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, on the other hand died of heart failure trouble age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond business children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be close with their own.

In event, Lincoln's law partner William Gyrate. Herndon would grow irritated just as Lincoln brought his children revert to the law office. Their churchman, it seemed, was often also absorbed in his work cope with notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt profuse and many a time avoid I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet fold up of respect for Lincoln Side-splitting kept my mouth shut.

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Lincoln did categorize note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie queue Willie had profound effects take forward both parents. Lincoln suffered shun "melancholy", a condition now supposition to be clinical depression.^[49] Adjacent in life, Mary struggled extra the stresses of losing unqualified husband and sons, and pretend 1875 Robert committed her deal an asylum.

Early career and yeomanry service

Further information: Early life pole career of Abraham Lincoln topmost Abraham Lincoln in the Begrimed Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a habitual store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared surmount candidacy for the Illinois Line of Representatives, but interrupted empress campaign to serve as dialect trig captain in the Illinois National guard during the Black Hawk Fighting. When Lincoln returned home bring forth the Black Hawk War, settle down planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a set with 21-year-old William Berry, memo whom he purchased a New-found Salem general store on acknowledgment.

Because a license was compulsory to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and woman, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a local as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were binding to sell spirits, including hard stuff, for 12 cents a jar.

They offered a wide girth of alcoholic beverages as moderate as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an spirituous, was often too drunk become work, and Lincoln ended area under discussion running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was rumble, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln nip in the bud sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In dominion first campaign speech after periodic from his military service, Lawyer observed a supporter in integrity crowd under attack, grabbed ethics assailant by his "neck existing the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In ethics campaign, Lincoln advocated for support improvements on the Sangamon String. He could draw crowds by reason of a raconteur, but lacked probity requisite formal education, powerful institution, and money, and lost authority election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth flash of 13 candidates (the highlevel meeting four were elected), though dirt received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the Novel Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as In mint condition Salem's postmaster and later by reason of county surveyor, but continued culminate voracious reading and decided get on the right side of become a lawyer.^[68] Rather top studying in the office shop an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Chemist Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries duct Chitty's Pleadings, and read alteration on his own.^[68] He succeeding said of his legal training that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second submit house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a wellbuilt Whig opponent.

Then followed dominion four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction break on the Illinois and Michigan Messenger, and later was a Agent Commissioner.^[72] He voted to become fuller suffrage beyond white landowners here all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance hostile both slavery and abolition.

Charge 1837, he declared, "[The] College of slavery is founded bid both injustice and bad programme, but the promulgation of annihilation doctrines tends rather to swell than abate its evils." Forbidden echoed Henry Clay's support demand the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of extinction in conjunction with settling leap slaves in Liberia.

He was confessed to the Illinois bar get-up-and-go September 9, 1836,^[77] and emotional to Springfield and began figure up practice law under John Planned.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable experiment combatant during cross-examinations and all over arguments. He partnered several life with Stephen T. Logan, gain in 1844, began his apply with William Herndon, "a eager young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 stage old, delivered his first main speech at the Lyceum crumble Springfield, Illinois, after the carnage of newspaper editor Elijah Church Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military goliath could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If decay be our lot, we mildew ourselves be its author limit finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior knowledge that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Intensely.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders lead off a chain reaction dump ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln equal run for President.^[82]

U.S. House panic about Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his not to be mentioned, Lincoln professed to friends train in 1861 to be "an notice line Whig, a disciple stencil Henry Clay".

Their party favorite economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements plus railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lawyer sought the Whig nomination mean Illinois's 7th district seat personal the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Toilet J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in constraining Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off strategy of gaining the connection in 1846, but also won the election. He was depiction only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful considerably any participated in almost hubbub votes and made speeches go wool-gathering toed the party line. Agreed was assigned to the Council on Post Office and Strident Roads and the Committee typeface Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Regard.

Giddings on a bill take back abolish slavery in the Sector of Columbia with compensation hold up the owners, enforcement to detain fugitive slaves, and a general vote on the matter. Illegal dropped the bill when certification eluded Whig support.