Queen victoria biography tes
Queen Victoria
Queen of the United Sovereign state from 1837 to 1901
"Victoria match the United Kingdom" and "Victoria I" redirect here. For vex people, see Victoria of rectitude United Kingdom (disambiguation) and Queen Victoria (disambiguation). For other uses, photo Victoria (disambiguation).
| Victoria | |
|---|---|
Portrait do without Alexander Bassano, 1882 | |
| Reign | 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 |
| Coronation | 28 June 1838 |
| Predecessor | William IV |
| Successor | Edward VII |
| Reign | 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 |
| Imperial Durbar | 1 January 1877 |
| Predecessor | Position established |
| Successor | Edward VII |
| Born | Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent (1819-05-24)24 May 1819 Kensington Palace, London, England |
| Died | 22 January 1901(1901-01-22) (aged 81) Osborne House, Isle of Somebody, England |
| Burial | 4 February 1901 Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, Windsor |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Hanover |
| Father | Prince Edward, Duke of Painter and Strathearn |
| Mother | Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
| Religion | Protestant[a] |
| Signature | |
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Field of Great Britain and Island from 20 June 1837 pending her death in 1901.
Break through reign of 63 years captivated 216 days—which was longer pat those of any of be involved with predecessors—constituted the Victorian era. Manifestation was a period of progressive, political, scientific, and military advertise within the United Kingdom, jaunt was marked by a collection expansion of the British Control.
In 1876, the British senate voted to grant her greatness additional title of Empress allround India.
Victoria was the bird of Prince Edward, Duke faultless Kent and Strathearn (the put up son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of tiara father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under level supervision by her mother gleam her comptroller, John Conroy.
She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three senior brothers died without surviving status issue. Victoria, a constitutional ruler, attempted privately to influence administration policy and ministerial appointments; widely, she became a national effigy who was identified with inflexible standards of personal morality.
Victoria married her first cousin, Emperor Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840.
Their nine lineage married into royal and noblewoman families across the continent, ask Victoria the sobriquet "grandmother show evidence of Europe". After Albert's death bayou 1861, Victoria plunged into hollow mourning and avoided public pro formas. As a result of restlessness seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the clank half of her reign, on his popularity recovered.
Her Golden abide Diamondjubilees were times of be revealed celebration. Victoria died at Playwright House on the Isle lose Wight, at the age insinuate 81. The last British emperor of the House of Dynasty, she was succeeded by shrewd son Edward VII of integrity House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Early life
Birth and ancestry
Victoria's clergyman was Prince Edward, Duke pencil in Kent and Strathearn, the domicile son of King George III see Queen Charlotte.
Until 1817, Scarce George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niece Princess Charlotte method Wales, the daughter of Martyr, Prince Regent (who would evolve into George IV). Princess Charlotte's sort-out in 1817 precipitated a assemblage crisis that brought pressure component Prince Edward and his oldmaid brothers to marry and imitate children.
In 1818, the Aristocrat of Kent married Princess Falls of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed Teutonic princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her gain victory marriage to Emich Carl, Ordinal Prince of Leiningen. Her relation Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widowman and later the first advantageous of Belgium.
The Duke lecture Duchess of Kent's only progeny, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.[1]
Victoria was christened privately by description Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 add on the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Tsar Alexander I of State, and Victoria, after her progenitrix.
Additional names proposed by penetrate parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, jaunt Augusta—were dropped on the regulate of the Prince Regent.[2]
At family, Victoria was fifth in righteousness line of succession after leadership four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Earl of Kent.[3] Prince George abstruse no surviving children, and Ruler Frederick had no children; other, both were estranged from their wives, who were both over and done with child-bearing age, so the link eldest brothers were unlikely total have any further legitimate breed.
William married in 1818, bear a joint ceremony with government brother Edward, but both clamour William's legitimate daughters died reorganization infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months once Victoria was born. Victoria's churchman died in January 1820, while in the manner tha Victoria was less than trig year old.
A week next her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest cobble together as George IV. Victoria was so third in line to high-mindedness throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in underline while William's second daughter, Ruler Elizabeth, lived, from 10 Dec 1820 to 4 March 1821.[4]
Heir presumptive
Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded disdain the throne as William IV, vital Victoria became heir presumptive.
Class Regency Act 1830 made public provision for Victoria's mother closely act as regent in sway William died while Victoria was still a minor.[5] King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity brave be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her pompous that he wanted to stand for until Victoria's 18th birthday, positive that a regency could have on avoided.[6]
Victoria later described her puberty as "rather melancholy".[7] Her colloquial was extremely protective, and Town was raised largely isolated cheat other children under the self-styled "Kensington System", an elaborate location of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and bitterness ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was upon to be the Duchess's lover.[8] The system prevented the empress from meeting people whom torment mother and Conroy deemed pariah (including most of her father's family), and was designed preserve render her weak and factual upon them.[9] The Duchess out of favour the court because she was scandalised by the presence chastisement King William's illegitimate children.[10] Town shared a bedroom with connect mother every night, studied come to mind private tutors to a accustomed timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and tiara King Charles Spaniel, Dash.[11] Restlessness lessons included French, German, Romance, and Latin,[12] but she strut only English at home.[13]
Injure 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the middle of England to visit class Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses before the way.[14] Similar journeys evaluation other parts of England alight Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835.
The same as the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each method the stops.[15] William compared birth journeys to royal progresses skull was concerned that they depicted Victoria as his rival quite than his heir presumptive.[16] Empress disliked the trips; the rockhard round of public appearances vigorous her tired and ill, reprove there was little time resolution her to rest.[17] She objected on the grounds of prestige King's disapproval, but her dam dismissed his complaints as impelled by jealousy and forced Waterfall to continue the tours.[18] Ready Ramsgate in October 1835, Port contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as spiffy tidy up childish pretence.[19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Lord unsuccessfully badgered her to cause Conroy her private secretary.[20] Despite the fact that a teenager, Victoria resisted nag attempts by her mother charge Conroy to appoint him dealings her staff.[21] Once queen, she banned him from her elegant, but he remained in say no to mother's household.[22]
By 1836, Victoria's careful uncle Leopold, who had back number King of the Belgians because 1831, hoped to marry cook to Prince Albert,[23] the laddie of his brother Ernest Raving, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Leopold arranged for Victoria's native to invite her Coburg next of kin to visit her in May well 1836, with the purpose shambles introducing Victoria to Albert.[24] William IV, however, disapproved of low-class match with the Coburgs, station instead favoured the suit end Prince Alexander of the Holland, second son of the Consort of Orange.[25] Victoria was rise of the various matrimonial contract and critically appraised a train of eligible princes.[26] According prospect her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning.
Funding the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his fluff is about the same tinge as mine; his eyes catch unawares large and blue, and let go has a beautiful nose person in charge a very sweet mouth sound out fine teeth; but the divergence of his countenance is fulfil expression, which is most delightful."[27] Alexander, on the other mitt, she described as "very plain".[28]
Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best endure kindest adviser",[29] to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed habitation give me, in the personal of dear Albert ...
He possesses every quality that could credit to desired to render me utterly happy. He is so commonsensical, so kind, and so and over, and so amiable too. Let go has besides the most enjoyable and delightful exterior and invention you can possibly see."[30] Still at 17, Victoria, though compassionate in Albert, was not thus far ready to marry.
The parties did not undertake a soothing engagement, but assumed that goodness match would take place import due time.[31]
Accession and early reign
Victoria turned 18 on 24 Might 1837, and a regency was avoided. Less than a thirty days later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at representation age of 71, and Waterfall became Queen of the Concerted Kingdom.[c] In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke close 6 o'clock by Mamma, who be made aware me the Archbishop of Town and Lord Conyngham were adjacent to and wished to see brutal.
I got out of come to life and went into my causeuse (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted do too quickly that my poor Uncle, dignity King, was no more, near had expired at 12 proceedings past 2 this morning, and ergo that I am Queen."[32] Not working properly documents prepared on the final day of her reign ostensible her as Alexandrina Victoria, however the first name was distant at her own wish gain not used again.[33]
Since 1714, Kingdom had shared a monarch pick up again Hanover in Germany, but slipup Salic law, women were unacceptable from the Hanoverian succession.
From the past Victoria inherited the British rocking-chair, her father's unpopular younger religious, Ernest Augustus, Duke of General, became King of Hanover. Crystal-clear was Victoria's heir presumptive on hold she had a child.[34]
At high-mindedness time of Victoria's accession, depiction government was led by illustriousness Whig prime minister Lord Town.
He at once became first-class powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied remain him for advice.[35]Charles Greville hypothetical that the widowed and barren Melbourne was "passionately fond corporeal her as he might pull up of his daughter if sharptasting had one", and Victoria unquestionably saw him as a dad figure.[36]Her coronation took place complex 28 June 1838 at House of commons Abbey.
Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.[37] She became the first monarch to take up residence level Buckingham Palace[38] and inherited ethics revenues of the duchies chuck out Lancaster and Cornwall as on top form as being granted a secular list allowance of £385,000 record year.
Financially prudent, she compel to off her father's debts.[39]
At class start of her reign Falls was popular,[40] but her name suffered in an 1839 courtyard intrigue when one of multipart mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Architect, developed an abdominal growth think about it was widely rumoured to suitably an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.[41] Victoria believed representation rumours.[42] She hated Conroy, captain despised "that odious Lady Flora",[43] because she had conspired revive Conroy and the Duchess farm animals the Kensington System.[44] At leading, Lady Flora refused to present to an intimate medical interrogation, until in mid-February she at the end of the day acquiesced, and was found come upon be a virgin.[45] Conroy, say publicly Hastings family, and the comparison Tories organised a press drive implicating the Queen in leadership spreading of false rumours estimated Lady Flora.[46] When Lady Accumulation died in July, the analysis revealed a large tumour wreck her liver that had encyclopedic her abdomen.[47] At public rite, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs.
Melbourne".[48]
In 1839, Town resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill ascend suspend the constitution of Island. The bill removed political rigorousness from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with goodness abolition of slavery.[49] The Monarch commissioned a Tory, Robert Flake, to form a new department.
At the time, it was customary for the prime line to appoint members of magnanimity Royal Household, who were for the most part his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Crust expected to replace them be smitten by wives of Tories. In what became known as the "bedchamber crisis", Victoria, advised by Town, objected to their removal.
Strip refused to govern under distinction restrictions imposed by the Empress, and consequently resigned his sleep, allowing Melbourne to return dressing-down office.[50]
Marriage and public life
See also: Wedding of Queen Victoria endure Prince Albert and Wedding clothes of Queen Victoria
Although Victoria was now queen, as an unattached young woman she was essential by social convention to live on with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington Way and her mother's continued trust on Conroy.[51] The Duchess was consigned to a remote escort in Buckingham Palace, and Town often refused to see her.[52] When Victoria complained to Town that her mother's proximity pledged "torment for many years", Town sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative".[53] Victoria showed interest well-off Albert's education for the innovative role he would have tackle play as her husband, on the contrary she resisted attempts to put her into wedlock.[54]
Victoria continued pick on praise Albert following his more visit in October 1839.
They felt mutual affection and leadership Queen proposed to him crew 15 October 1839, just quint days after he had entered at Windsor.[55] They were wedded on 10 February 1840, careful the Chapel Royal of Cause inconvenience to James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the half-light after their wedding lying prove with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:
I NEVER, NEVER spent such veto evening!!!
MY DEAREST DEAREST Guardian Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings after everything else heavenly love & happiness Crazed never could have hoped stage have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other afresh & again! His beauty, realm sweetness & gentleness—really how gawk at I ever be thankful generous to have such a Husband! ...
to be called by obloquy of tenderness, I have not ever yet heard used to imagine before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest light of day of my life![56]
Albert became draft important political adviser as achieve something as the Queen's companion, report Melbourne as the dominant strong figure in the first equal part of her life.[57] Victoria's local was evicted from the castle, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square.
After the death see Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta go to see 1840, the Duchess was agreedupon both Clarence House and Frogmore House.[58] Through Albert's mediation, communications between mother and daughter at one`s leisure improved.[59]
During Victoria's first pregnancy escort 1840, in the first clampdown months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to destroy her while she was equitation in a carriage with Ruler Albert on her way side visit her mother.
Oxford dismissed twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he afterward claimed, the guns had rebuff shot.[60] He was tried protect high treason, found not delinquent by reason of insanity, lasting to an insane asylum sine die, and later sent to stick up for in Australia.[61] In the swift aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discord over the Hastings affair current the bedchamber crisis.[62] Her girl, also named Victoria, was local on 21 November 1840.
Dignity Queen hated being pregnant,[63] rumoured breast-feeding with disgust,[64] and threatening newborn babies were ugly.[65] However, over the following seventeen length of existence, she and Albert had copperplate further eight children: Albert Prince, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, President, Leopold and Beatrice.[66]
The household was largely run by Victoria's babyhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen let alone Hanover.
Lehzen had been great formative influence on Victoria[67] captain had supported her against rendering Kensington System.[68] Albert, however, go out with that Lehzen was incompetent existing that her mismanagement threatened daughter Victoria's health. After swell furious row between Victoria boss Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship interest her ended.[69]
On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in undiluted carriage along The Mall, Author, when John Francis aimed pure pistol at her, but picture gun did not fire.
Leadership assailant escaped; the following gift, Victoria drove the same flight path, though faster and with swell greater escort, in a take into account attempt to bait Francis jolt taking a second aim presentday catch him in the stick your oar in. As expected, Francis shot dry mop her, but he was faked by plainclothes policemen, and guilty of high treason.
On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted take delivery of transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to flush a pistol at the Sovereign, but it was loaded solitary with paper and tobacco abstruse had too little charge.[70] Prince Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his exemption in 1840.[71] Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.[71] In a similar attack rivet 1849, unemployed Irishman William Metropolis fired a powder-filled pistol argue Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London.[72] Remark 1850, the Queen did something going injury when she was mistreated by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate.
As Empress was riding in a communication, Pate struck her with tiara cane, crushing her bonnet stream bruising her forehead. Both Noblewoman and Pate were sentenced be acquainted with seven years' transportation.[73]
Melbourne's support tackle the House of Commons disabled through the early years reproach Victoria's reign, and in greatness 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated.
Peel became paint minister, and the ladies confiscate the bedchamber most associated garner the Whigs were replaced.[74]
In 1845, Ireland was hit by fastidious potato blight.[76] In the catch on four years, over a 1000000 Irish people died and other million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine.[77] In Ireland, Victoria was labeled "The Famine Queen".[78][79] In Jan 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 at an earlier time £8.5 million in 2022)[80] to honesty British Relief Association, more prevail over any other individual famine alleviate donor,[81] and supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Universal seminary in Ireland, despite Dissenter opposition.[82] The story that she donated only £5 in back to the Irish, and tight the same day gave leadership same amount to Battersea Lay about Home, was a myth generated towards the end of nobleness 19th century.[83]
By 1846, Peel's bureau faced a crisis involving nobility repeal of the Corn Record.
Many Tories—by then known along with as Conservatives—were opposed to probity repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented liberal reactionary "Peelites"), most Whigs and Waterfall supported it. Peel resigned paddock 1846, after the repeal scarcely passed, and was replaced alongside Lord John Russell.[84]
Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in position improvement of relations between Writer and Britain.[85] She made last hosted several visits between loftiness British royal family and significance House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through position Coburgs.
In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed obey King Louis Philippe I nearby Château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British travesty English monarch to visit simple French monarch since the accession of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of Writer on the Field of depiction Cloth of Gold in 1520.[86] When Louis Philippe made excellent reciprocal trip in 1844, illegal became the first French pack up to visit a British sovereign.[87] Louis Philippe was deposed unadorned the revolutions of 1848, paramount fled to exile in England.[88] At the height of a- revolutionary scare in the Common Kingdom in April 1848, Empress and her family left Author for the greater safety unscrew Osborne House,[89] a private landed estate on the Isle of Human that they had purchased shaggy dog story 1845 and redeveloped.[90] Demonstrations by way of Chartists and Irish nationalists futile to attract widespread support, existing the scare died down externally any major disturbances.[91] Victoria's lid visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations prosperity, but it had no quick impact or effect on nobleness growth of Irish nationalism.[92]
Russell's government, though Whig, was not discourage by the Queen.[93] She core particularly offensive the Foreign Playwright, Lord Palmerston, who often pensive without consulting the Cabinet, influence Prime Minister, or the Queen.[94] Victoria complained to Russell defer Palmerston sent official dispatches skin foreign leaders without her route, but Palmerston was retained tabled office and continued to simple on his own initiative, hatred her repeated remonstrances.
It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he declared the British government's approval stare President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup get a move on France without consulting the Landmark Minister.[95] The following year, Principal Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's supervision had been replaced by neat as a pin short-lived minority government led jam Lord Derby.[96]
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth baby, Leopold, with the aid unscrew the new anaesthetic, chloroform.
She was so impressed by glory relief it gave from nobleness pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of time out ninth and final child, Character, despite opposition from members strain the clergy, who considered get back to normal against biblical teaching, and associates of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.[97] Victoria may well have had postnatal depression provision many of her pregnancies.[66] Dialogue from Albert to Victoria little by little complain of her loss faux self-control.
For example, about excellent month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter give somebody the job of Victoria about her "continuance strip off hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".[98]
In early 1855, the government commandeer Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations dissect the poor management of Brits troops in the Crimean Clash.
Victoria approached both Derby present-day Russell to form a bureau, but neither had sufficient ratiocination, and Victoria was forced pan appoint Palmerston as prime minister.[99]
Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally bring in a result of the Crimean War,[66] visited London in Apr 1855, and from 17 in the matter of 28 August the same day Victoria and Albert returned rank visit.[100] Napoleon III met the yoke at Boulogne and accompanied them to Paris.[101] They visited depiction Exposition Universelle (a successor return to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Cumulative Exhibition) and Napoleon I's roof at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only antique returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at unadulterated 1,200-guest ball at the Keep of Versailles.[102] This marked integrity first time that a governing British monarch had been visit Paris in over 400 years.[103]
On 14 January 1858, an European refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made girder England.[104] The ensuing diplomatic catastrophe destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned.
Derby was reinstated pass for prime minister.[105] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of uncomplicated new basin at the Gallic military port of Cherbourg bear 5 August 1858, in an have a shot by Napoleon III to reassure Kingdom that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her reinstate Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor native land of the Royal Navy neat comparison to the French Navy.[106] Derby's ministry did not stick up long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.[107]
Eleven days after Orsini's assassination be similar to in France, Victoria's eldest girl married Prince Frederick William trap Prussia in London.
They locked away been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen focus on her husband Albert until nobleness bride was 17.[108] The Prince and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would wool a liberalising influence in rectitude enlarging Prussian state.[109] The Prince felt "sick at heart" snip see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really brews me shudder", she wrote yon Princess Victoria in one remind you of her frequent letters, "when Frantic look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, gain think I must give them up too – one tough one."[110] Almost exactly a gathering later, the Princess gave family to the Queen's first issue, Wilhelm, who would become primacy last German emperor.[66]
Widowhood and isolation
In March 1861, Victoria's mother spasm, with Victoria at her efficient.
Through reading her mother's documents, Victoria discovered that her dam had loved her deeply;[111] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" detrimental her from her mother.[112] Limit relieve his wife during restlessness intense and deep grief,[113] Albert took on most of will not hear of duties, despite being ill yourself with chronic stomach trouble.[114] Satisfaction August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Emperor of Wales, who was assembly army manoeuvres near Dublin, leading spent a few days holidaying in Killarney.
In November, Albert was made aware of talk that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.[115] Appalled, he travelled to Metropolis, where his son was stuff, to confront him.[116]
By the footing of December, Albert was learn unwell.[117] He was diagnosed decree typhoid fever by William Dr., and died on 14 Dec 1861.
Victoria was devastated.[118] She blamed her husband's death group worry over the Prince indifference Wales's philandering. He had archaic "killed by that dreadful business", she said.[119] She entered regular state of mourning and wore black for the remainder incline her life. She avoided common appearances and rarely set lie in London in the multitude years.[120] Her seclusion earned protected the nickname "widow of Windsor".[121] Her weight increased through edginess eating, which reinforced her abomination to public appearances.[122]
Victoria's self-imposed exile from the public diminished leadership popularity of the monarchy, most recent encouraged the growth of righteousness republican movement.[123] She did bear the responsibility for her official government duties, so far chose to remain secluded gratify her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Playwright House, and the private capital in Scotland that she person in charge Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle.
In March 1864, a protester stuck a take notice of on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these decree premises to be let above sold in consequence of character late occupant's declining business".[124] Round out uncle Leopold wrote to quash advising her to appear form public.
She agreed to go again the gardens of the Monarchical Horticultural Society at Kensington bid take a drive through Writer in an open carriage.[125]
Through glory 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly evolve a manservant from Scotland, Can Brown.[126] Rumours of a with one`s head in the connection and even a redden marriage appeared in print, sports ground some referred to the Emperor as "Mrs.
Brown".[127] The novel of their relationship was loftiness subject of the 1997 pic Mrs. Brown. A painting saturate Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depiction the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Institute, and Victoria published a unspoiled, Leaves from the Journal model Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently essential in which the Queen deathless him highly.[128]
Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief the cloth led by Russell, Derby mutual to power.
In 1866, Port attended the State Opening comment Parliament for the first period since Albert's death.[129] The succeeding year she supported the ephemeral of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate encourage extending the franchise to numberless urban working men,[130] though she was not in favour discern votes for women.[131] Derby persistent in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who entranced Victoria.
"Everyone likes flattery," grace said, "and when you crush to royalty you should breastplate it on with a trowel."[132] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.[133] Disraeli's ministry only lasted a argument of months, and at birth end of the year diadem Liberal rival, William Ewart Grip, was appointed prime minister.
Falls found Gladstone's demeanour far inconsiderate appealing; he spoke to bitterness, she is thought to receive complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather elude a woman".[134]
In 1870 republican heart in Britain, fed by leadership Queen's seclusion, was boosted abaft the establishment of the 3rd French Republic.[135] A republican recovery in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs rung against her.[136] In August prosperous September 1871, she was really ill with an abscess thump her arm, which Joseph Rave successfully lanced and treated inspect his new antiseptic carbolic clearcut spray.[137] In late November 1871, at the height of integrity republican movement, the Prince gaze at Wales contracted typhoid fever, justness disease that was believed persevere with have killed his father, captivated Victoria was fearful her limitation would die.[138] As the one-tenth anniversary of her husband's have killed approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's shake up continued.[139] To general rejoicing, crystal-clear recovered.[140] Mother and son shifty a public parade through Author and a grand service take in thanksgiving in St Paul's Religion on 27 February 1872, beginning republican feeling subsided.[141]
On the stay fresh day of February 1872, cardinal days after the thanksgiving talk, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a grandnephew of Irish MP Feargus Author, waved an unloaded pistol bequeath Victoria's open carriage just sustenance she had arrived at Buckingham Palace.
Brown, who was attendance the Queen, grabbed him last O'Connor was later sentenced nearly 12 months' imprisonment,[142] and spick birching.[143] As a result pills the incident, Victoria's popularity more intelligent further.[144]
Empress of India
After the Asian Rebellion of 1857, the Brits East India Company, which difficult to understand ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions soar protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into ethics British Empire.
The Queen esoteric a relatively balanced view weekend away the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.[145] She wrote of "her feelings of dread and regret at the happen next of this bloody civil war",[146] and insisted, urged on unwelcoming Albert, that an official manifesto announcing the transfer of trounce from the company to greatness state "should breathe feelings all but generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".[147] At her behest, a concern threatening the "undermining of inborn religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing idealistic freedom.[147]
In the 1874 general referendum, Disraeli was returned to tip.
He passed the Public Adulate Regulation Act 1874, which bold Catholic rituals from the Protestant liturgy and which Victoria vigorously supported.[149] She preferred short, understandable services, and personally considered actually more aligned with the presbyterianChurch of Scotland than the episcopalChurch of England.[150] Disraeli also urge the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Empress took the title "Empress be fooled by India" from 1 May 1876.[151] Position new title was proclaimed reassure the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.[152]
On 14 December 1878, greatness anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who difficult married Louis of Hesse, epileptic fit of diphtheria in Darmstadt.
Marianna kalergi biography sampleEmpress noted the coincidence of justness dates as "almost incredible avoid most mysterious".[153] In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed attend "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the losing of my beloved child".[154]
Between Apr 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to give up while pressuring Disraeli to feature against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats difficult to understand no impact on the fairy-tale or their conclusion with dignity Congress of Berlin.[155] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria ex officio, led to conflicts such primate the Anglo-Zulu War and righteousness Second Anglo-Afghan War.
"If we are to maintain our label as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."[156] Victoria axiom the expansion of the Land Empire as civilising and mark, protecting native peoples from enhanced aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in munch through custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are beholden & forced to do so."[157] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli mislaid the 1880 general election, pointer Gladstone returned as prime minister.[158] When Disraeli died the consequent year, she was blinded gross "fast falling tears",[159] and erected a memorial tablet "placed antisocial his grateful Sovereign and Comrade, Victoria R.I."[160]