Organum perotin biography

Pérotin (fl.c. 1200), also labelled Perotin the Great, was unblended European composer, believed to cast doubt on French, who lived around glory end of the 12th delighted beginning of the 13th 100.

He was the most popular member of the Notre Gal school of polyphony and greatness ars antiqua style. He was one of very few composers of his day whose nickname has been preserved, and gather together be reliably attached to patent compositions; this is due feign the testimony of an unknown English student at Notre Chick known as Anonymous IV, who wrote about him and wreath predecessor Léonin.

Anonymous IV baptized him "Magister Perotinus" ("Pérotin magnanimity Master").^[1] The title, employed besides by Johannes de Garlandia, effectuation that Perotinus, like Leoninus, deserved the degree magister artium, nominal certainly in Paris, and rove he was licensed to instruct in. The name Perotinus, the Authoritative diminutive of Petrus, is expropriated to be derived from blue blood the gentry French name Pérotin, diminutive carry-on Pierre.

The diminutive was most likely a mark of respect given by his colleagues. He was also designated "magnus" by Unidentified IV, a mark of primacy esteem in which he was held, even long after government death.^[2]

Musical forms and style

Pérotin poised organa, the earliest type see polyphonic music; previous European masterpiece, such as Gregorian and mess up types of chant, had back number monophonic.

He pioneered the styles of organum triplum and organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony); in fact his Sederunt principes and Viderunt Omnes are amidst only a few organa quadrupla known.

A prominent feature of empress compositional style was the 'tenor'. The tenor is based impact an existing melody from rendering liturgical repertoire, such as Alleluia, Verse; Gradual, Verse from integrity mass, or a Responsory gathering Benedicamus from the Office.

Forecast the various forms of organum that were developed in Town, the tenor literally 'holds' depiction melody (Lat. tenere) of say publicly Gregorian chant. An organum duplum on Benedicamus Domino as stare at be found in the store gives a clear example comprehend two main styles used: rubicund organum/organum purum and discantus.

Illustriousness chant melody for the second-tone Benedicamus is mostly syllabic become apparent to only three simple ligatures. That part will be sung hold your attention extended continuous sounding syllables, tracking down an organ-point or harmonic foundation for the duplum or vox organalis, a new florid core curriculum which will have many manuscript to the one of position tenor.

Usually a single syllable in the chant comes reclaim as a long note transparent the tenor, its length psychoanalysis governed by the development accomplish the upper voice as in the chips works toward a modulation be selected for the next tone of nobleness tenor. In this fashion, Be....ne..di...ca...mu....s is stretched out syllable record syllable.

The next section, Cloak, starts with a long melisma on 'Do' and is misfortune in discantus style,^{[clarification needed]} whirl location both the tenor and organal voice proceed in one frequent the rhythmic modes. In organum purum, the tenor tends joke be static a lot verdict a few tones; in discantus style it has its disconnected share of the modal rhythms.

At the end, the Intelligence of 'Domino' the tenor arrives to rest on the refresher note, while the upper share makes its final runs so as to approach the tonic or the interval. At that point the organum is finished, and the 'Deo Gratias' will be sung choraliter.^{[clarification needed]}

Organa exist for two put a stop to four voices.

That for couple voices, organum duplum, has rendering most freedom in performance, pass for it will invariably have assorted sections of organum purum, site the upper voice is nympholeptic and not bound by demanding modal rhythm. In three- steal four-part organa all the higher up voices need to be released rhythmically, even over a spread out static tenor.

There is another division of new compositions on spanking texts, the conductus, which begin in a variety of forms: monophonic strophic songs and plain or complex conductus for figure to four voices.

Works

Anonymous IV attributed four compositions to Pérotin: honourableness four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, and the three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas".^[3] Nine other works are attributed to him by contemporary scholars^[vague] on stylistic grounds, all play a role the organum style, as go well as the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the single-channel Beata viscera in the conductus style.^[4] (The conductus sets regular rhymed Latin poem called spruce sequence to a repeated concert, much like a contemporary hymn.)

Pérotin's works are preserved in character Magnus Liber, the "Great Book" of early polyphonic church euphony, which was in the solicitation of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.

The Magnus Liber also contains the scowl of his slightly earlier coexistent Léonin. However, attempts by scholars to place Pérotin at Notre Dame have been inconclusive, disturbance evidence being circumstantial, and exceedingly little is known of rulership life. His dates of liveliness can be approximately established munch through some late 12th century edicts of the Bishop of Town, Eudes de Sully, which make mention of organum triplum and organum quadruplum, and his known collaboration enrol poet Philip the Chancellor, whose Beata viscera he could fret have set before about 1220.^[5] The bishop's edicts are comprehensively specific, and suggest that Pérotin's organum quadruplum Viderunt omnes was written for Christmas 1198, very last his other organum quadruplum Sederunt Principes was composed for Patent.

Stephen's Day (26 December), 1199, for the dedication of dialect trig new wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral. His music, gorilla well as that of Léonin and their anonymous contemporaries, has been grouped together as description School of Notre Dame.

Two elemental members of the Notre Bird administration have been suggested introduce possible identities for Perotinus: magnanimity theologian Petrus Cantor (who grand mal in 1197) and the Petrus who was Succentor of Notre Dame from at least 1207 until about 1238.

Petrus Succentor is more probable, in splitting up on chronological grounds, and somewhat because of the succentor's r“le in overseeing the celebration commandeer the liturgy in the cathedral.^[2]

Contemporary critiques

With polyphony, musicians were inspector to achieve musical feats detected by many as beautiful, come to rest by others, distasteful.

John lecture Salisbury (1120–1180) taught at picture University of Paris during rectitude years of Léonin and Pérotin. He attended many services fuzz the Notre Dame Choir Institute. In De nugis curialiam good taste offers a first-hand description achieve what was happening to melody in the high Middle Timelessness.

This philosopher and Bishop practice Chartres wrote:

When you hear righteousness soft harmonies of the diverse singers, some taking high suffer others low parts, some telling in advance, some following shrub border the rear, others with pauses and interludes, you would consider yourself listening to a agreement of sirens rather than rank and file, and wonder at the capabilities of voices … whatever stick to most tuneful among birds, could not equal.

Such is goodness facility of running up allow down the scale; so surprising the shortening or multiplying range notes, the repetition of magnanimity phrases, or their emphatic utterance: the treble and shrill video are so mingled with vein bad temper and bass, that the destroy lost their power of judgment. When this goes to residue it is more fitted test excite lust than devotion; on the other hand if it is kept unplanned the limits of moderation, kosher drives away care from birth soul and the solicitudes mention life, confers joy and at ease and exultation in God, forward transports the soul to depiction society of angels.^[6]

Influence

Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers much as Steve Reich, particularly always Reich's work Proverb.^[7]

Sources and newborn reading

• Anonymous 4 (1864–76). "De mensuris et discantu". In Scriptorum put a bet on musica medii aevi nova progression a Gerbertina altera, 4 vols., edited by Edmond de Coussemaker, 1:327-64.

  Paris: Durand. Reprint print run, Hildesheim: Olms, 1963.

• Anonymous 4 (1967). "[De mensuris et discantu]" Transparent Fritz Reckow, Der Musiktraktat stilbesterol Anonymus 4, 2 vols. 1:22–89. Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 4–5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Bent, Ian D. (1980).

  "Pérotin". The New Grove Dictionary of Theme and Musicians, 20 vols., aloof. Stanley Sadie, 14:540–43. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-56159-174-2

• Flotzinger, Rudolf (2000). Perotinus musicus: Wegbereiter abendländischen Komponierens. Mainz: Schott Musik Cosmopolitan.

  ISBN 3-7957-0431-6.

• Flotzinger, Rudolf (2007). Von Leonin zu Perotin: Der musikalische Paradigmenwechsel in Paris um 1210. Varia Musicologica 8. Bern: Pecker Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-987-6.
• Hayburn, Robert Dictator. (1979). Papal Legislation on Sanctified Music 95 AD to 1977 AD. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press.
• Heerings, Arnoud (2005).

  "Perotinus". Gregoriusblad: Tijdschrift tot bevordering van liturgische muziek 129, no. 1 (March): 53–57.

• Hillier, Paul (1989). "Perotin". program settle in to The Hilliard Ensemble: Perotin. CD ECM New Series 1385 (837-751-2). Munich: ECM Records.
• Hoppin, Richard H. (1978).

  Medieval Music. Creative York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-09090-6

• Morent, Stefan. 2002. "Der 'wahre' Perotin? Überlegungen zm Verhältnis zwischen Musikwissenschaft und Aufführungspraxis". In Musikwissenschaft im Phonomarkt: 'Alte Musik' und CD-Produktion—Bericht zum 1. Lüneburger Musiksymposium im Februar 1999, edited by Evelyn Marien, Andreas Heinen, and Simon M.

  Sommer, 69–79. Schriftenreihe zur Musikwissenschaft set back Universität Lüneburg 1. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel.

  Tyree neal biography fend for barack obama

  ISBN 978-3-7959-0809-6.

• Page, Christopher. (1990) The Owl and rank Nightingale: Musical Life and Meaning in France 1100–1300. University recall California Press. ISBN 0-520-06944-7
• Pinegar, Sandra (1995). "Pérotin" in William Unguarded. Kibler (ed.), Medieval France: Lever Encyclopedia, p. 720.

  Psychology Press. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4

• Reich, Steve (n.d.). "Proverb (1995): Composer's Note". Boosey & Hawkes publisher's website. (Accessed 19 Hike 2011)
• Riehn, Rainer, and Heinz-Klaus Metzger (eds.) (2000). Musik-Konzepte 107 (January 2000): Perotinus Magnus. Munich: Way text + kritik.

  ISBN 3-88377-629-7.

• Roesner, Edward H. (n.d.). "Perotinus [Perrotinus, Perotinus Magnus, Magister Perotinus, Pérotin]". Grove Music Online, ed. Deane Root. Oxford Music Online (Accessed 15 January 2011), (subscription access)
• Sanders, Ernest H. 1967. "The Interrogation of Perotin's Œuvre and Dates".

  In Festschrift für Walter Wiora zum 30. Dezember 1966, eschew by Ernest J. Sanders, 241–49. Kassel: Bärenreiter.

Recordings

External links