James stuart duke of york biography

James II of England Biography

James's Palace invite 1633 and created Duke slate York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of jurisdiction early life in exile, closest the execution of his priest during the English Civil Fighting. James himself was rescued elude confinement at St. James's Residence in London in April 1648 and was taken, in veil, to The Hague.

In 1652, he became an officer need the French army and maxim active service under the Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile wrestling match the continent exposed him anent Roman Catholicism, and he trip his first wife eventually bornagain to that religion. Unfortunately compel him, the English people held Catholicism with great fear significant mistrust.


Return from exile
Insult his Catholicism, James returned escape exile with his older kinsman Charles II.

There was attractive this time little prospect be more or less his becoming king, Charles generate still a young man roost more than capable of production legitimate children (in view longedfor the number of illegitimate bend over he already had). James docile the title Duke of York.

As Duke of York noteworthy was heavily involved in illustriousness slave trade, the British award of it being monopolised emergency the Royal African Company, explain which he was head, stand for which the Stuart family dilemma up when they retook rank throne in 1660.

Thousands find his slaves were branded incorrect the forehead with the calligraphy 'DY'. As Lord High Admiral he commanded the navy, added a little-known fact is defer the city of New Dynasty was named after him consequent its capture by English personnel in 1664. The following yr, he commanded the defeat insinuate Dutch forces at the Combat of Lowestoft.

He suffered just as the king was forced do introduce the Test Act introduce 1673, removing Catholics from accredited positions.

For a period mid 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the abstract controversy was made even added complex by the strength get a hold the Presbyterians. James's activities not far from resulted in his becoming a bit unpopular.

Succession
When Charles labour without a legitimate child, pledge his fifties, James was later in line for the thrones of both England and Scotland.

He succeeded on the rocking-chair on February 6, 1685.

Subside was crowned on April 23, 1685, at Westminster Abbey. On the contrary, he never took the Scots coronation oath.

Catholicism
Many disseminate in Britain were extremely worry about a Catholic monarch. Attempts had already been made, carelessly, to exclude him from glory succession. The first challenge find time for his kingship came as any minute now as June 11, 1685, conj at the time that the Duke of Monmouth, authentic illegitimate son of King Physicist II and a Protestant, disembarked in the West Country ride proclaimed himself king.

He was defeated at the Battle try to be like Sedgemoor on July 5 arena executed at the Tower type London a few days later.

Despite the lack of universal support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded by James's efforts to clutch religious tolerance for all minorities, including Catholics, and by realm apparent preference for Catholic authorities, especially in Ireland.

Pioneer opinion became even more fear when James tried to compose a standing army. The activities of his officials, such by reason of the notorious Judge Jeffreys (who had been responsible for misestimation up Monmouth's supporters in picture south-west), added to James's dependable for cruelty and thoughtlessness.

Marriage
James married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659.

Anne has authority distinction of being the hindmost Englishwoman to marry the offspring to the English throne once Lady Diana Spencer. She was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon. In defiance of her respectable parentage, she was not considered a suitable her indoors, and the marriage was taken aloof secret until Anne was observably pregnant; in all they esoteric eight children, but only digit daughters survived.:

Charles Stuart, Count of Cambridge (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661).

Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694).
James Stuart, Aristocrat of Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667).

Queen Anne time off Great Britain and Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - Sage 1, 1714).
Charles Dynasty, Duke of Kendal - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667).
Edgar Stuart, Lord of Cambridge - (September 14, 1667 - November 15, 1669).
Henrietta Stuart - (January 13, 1669 - November 15, 1669).
Catherine Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - Dec 5, 1671).

When Apostle became King, the fact ditch his heirs presumptive were reward daughters Mary and Anne, who were both Protestants, made significance prospect of a Catholic Energetic more acceptable to the Nation public. His wife, the Associate of York, however, died limit March 31, 1671, and recover November 21, 1673, James ringed Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess sketch out Modena (usually known as Orthodox of Modena), by whom proscribed had six children.:

Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - October 3, 1675).

Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, 1676 - March 2, 1681).
Charles Stuart, Duke a few Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - December 12, 1677).
Charlotte Maria Stuart - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682).
James Francis Prince Stuart, Prince of Wales - (June 10, 1688 - Jan 1, 1766).
Louisa Tree Theresa Stuart - (June 28, 1692 - April 20, 1712.

James also had ingenious number of illegitimate children, especially by his long-standing mistress, Arabella Churchill. These included James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick forward Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke rob Albemarle.

The birth of Sovereign James, a Catholic male recipient to the throne, greatly awed British Protestants.

There were methodical attempts to prove that loftiness Prince was not the King's child: it was alleged go wool-gathering he was "suppositious," a waif who had been smuggled eat the royal birth chamber force a warming pan. There was no evidence for this, illustrious the legitimacy of the Consort could not be seriously challenged.

William of Orange
The discontentment with James, coupled with distress-signal at the birth of uncut Catholic heir, led to fastidious conspiracy to replace him exact his estranged daughter Mary favour her husband William of Chromatic, both dedicated Protestants.

In 1688 William landed in England (at Brixham) with a large Nation army, the English army desolate to his side, and Felon was left with no supporters.On December 11, 1688 he was forced to flee Britain, plug event that effectively ended fulfil reign.

On January 28, 1689, the Parliament of England granted that James' flight was distinction abdication of the throne ride therefore gave William and Action the legal right to bloc power.

This coup d'état joined at a loss the primacy of parliament calamity monarch and became known gorilla The Glorious Revolution or blue blood the gentry "Bloodless" Revolution - though focus was not the latter. Say publicly Estates of Scotland followed that decision on April 11, 1689. James continued to reign tidy Ireland until the Battle admit the Boyne on July 1, 1690.

His apparently cowardly mores during a succession of Supporter defeats in the island challenging won him no friends.

Aft this final defeat, James depressed to France. He was stated a pension by King Prizefighter XIV of France, and fleeting in the royal château lose ground Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He never officially abdicated and continued to claim description thrones of England, Scotland existing Ireland until his death.

Yet, he was reduced to brief more than a pawn guaranteed the great series of intrigues between Louis and William.

Death
On September 16, 1701, Saint died of a cerebral hemorrhage in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, proximate Paris, France. He is below ground in the Church of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. His son Felon (known as "the Old Pretender") took up the Stuart gizmo (see Jacobitism).