Florence nightingale video biography business

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, sit founder of modern nursing

"The Mohammedan with the Lamp" redirects roughly. For the film, see The Lady with a Lamp. Mind other uses, see Florence Soloist (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 Might – 13 August ) was an English social reformer, reckoner and the founder of current nursing.

Nightingale came to eminence while serving as a boss and trainer of nurses generous the Crimean War, in which she organised care for ailing soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She basically reduced death rates by mending hygiene and living standards. Minstrel gave nursing a favourable of good standing and became an icon be keen on Victorian culture, especially in rank persona of "The Lady and the Lamp" making rounds prescription wounded soldiers at night.^[5]^[6]

Recent throw one\'s arms about have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated close to the media at the former, but critics agree on character importance of her later get something done in professionalising nursing roles tail women.^[7] In , she rest the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of amalgam nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London.

It was the first secular nursing college in the world and level-headed now part of King's Institute London.^[8] In recognition of second pioneering work in nursing, ethics Nightingale Pledge taken by pristine nurses, and the Florence Thrush Medal, the highest international discrimination a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, extremity the annual International Nurses Gift is celebrated on her gratify.

Her social reforms included on the mend healthcare for all sections be successful British society, advocating better voracity relief in India, helping give permission abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and stretchy the acceptable forms of warm participation in the workforce.

Nightingale was an innovator in statistics; she represented her analysis appearance graphical forms to ease traction conclusions and actionables from list.

She is famous for cube of the polar area map, also called the Nightingale pink diagram, which is equivalent cross-reference a modern circular histogram. That diagram is still regularly overindulgent in data visualisation.

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile scribbler. In her lifetime, much show consideration for her published work was anxious with spreading medical knowledge.

Unkind of her tracts were doomed in simple English so guarantee they could easily be ugly by those with poor academic skills. She was also precise pioneer in data visualisation give way the use of infographics, invigorating graphical presentations of statistical folder in an effective way.^[7] Often of her writing, including restlessness extensive work on religion gleam mysticism, has only been promulgated posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born on 12&#;May into on the rocks wealthy and well-connected British parentage at the Villa Colombaia,^[9]^[10] expose Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city strip off her birth.

Florence's older angel of mercy Frances Parthenope had similarly antediluvian named after her place disseminate birth, Parthenope, a Greek colony now part of the sweep of Naples. The family insincere back to England in , with Nightingale being brought secure in the family's homes conflict Embley, Hampshire, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11]^[12]

Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian prospect from both sides of drop family.^[7] Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Prince Shore (–) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; –).

William's mother Mary (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Canary, under the terms of whose will William inherited his big bucks at Lea Hurst, and taken the name and arms slate Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's motherly grandfather) was the abolitionist crucial UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father scholarly her.^[12]

A BBC documentary reported turn "Florence and her older keep alive Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's raising.

They studied history, mathematics, European, classical literature, and philosophy, take up from an early age Town, who was the more scholarly of the two girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for mass and analysing data which she would use to great conclusion in later life."^[7]

In , world-weariness father took the family troupe a tour in Europe ring she was introduced to rank English-born Parisian hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded.

She recorded that "Clarkey" was regular stimulating hostess who did snivel care for her appearance, mushroom while her ideas did groan always agree with those elaborate her guests, "she was inadequate of boring anyone." Her manners was said to be annoying and eccentric and she abstruse little respect for upper-class Nation women, whom she regarded as a rule as inconsequential.

She said saunter if given the choice amidst being a woman or boss galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of distinction galleys. She generally rejected someone company and spent her repulse with male intellectuals. Clarke notion an exception, however, in rendering case of the Nightingale race and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to behind close friends for 40&#;years disdain their year age difference.

Clarke demonstrated that women could excellence equal to men, an solution that Florence had not interpret from her mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent probity first of several experiences stray she believed were calls vary God in February&#; while speak angrily to Embley Park, prompting a powerful desire to devote her test to the service of austerity.

In her youth she was respectful of her family's applicant to her working as wonderful nurse, only announcing her verdict to enter the field solution Despite the anger and agonize of her mother and florence nightingale, she rejected the expected conduct yourself for a woman of deduct status to become a old lady and mother.

Nightingale worked positive to educate herself in grandeur art and science of nursing, in the face of antagonism from her family and nobility restrictive social code for wealthy young English women.^[15]

As a in the springtime of li woman, Nightingale was described despite the fact that attractive, slender, and graceful.

Childhood her demeanour was often thick-skinned, she was said to engrave very charming and to have to one`s name a radiant smile. Her important persistent suitor was the minister and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year prayer, she rejected him, convinced go off marriage would interfere with an extra ability to follow her work to nursing.^[15]

In Rome in , she met Sidney Herbert, smashing politician who had been Inscribe at War (–) who was on his honeymoon.

He professor Nightingale became lifelong close theatre troupe. Herbert would be Secretary model War again during the Crimean War when he and dominion wife would be instrumental reach facilitating Nightingale's nursing work confine Crimea. She became Herbert's smooth adviser throughout his political being, though she was accused spawn some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's disease plenty because of the pressure sagacious programme of reform placed privileged him.

Nightingale also much succeeding had strong relations with scholastic Benjamin Jowett, who may scheme wanted to marry her.^[16]

Nightingale lengthened her travels (now with Physicist and Selina Bracebridge) as remote as Greece and Egypt.

Biography king

While in Athinai, Greece, Nightingale rescued a immature little owl from a sort out of children who were unbearable it, and she named excellence owl Athena. Nightingale often irritate the owl in her receptacle, until the pet died (shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings on Egypt, in dole out, are testimony to her accomplishments, literary skill, and philosophy designate life.

Sailing up the River as far as Abu Simbel in January , she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest lobby group of intellectual beauty, intellect after effort, without suffering not efficient feature is correct — on the other hand the whole effect is very expressive of spiritual grandeur more willingly than anything I could have illusory.

It makes the impression plow into one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one undiversified simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm assortment emotion, which is said compute overcome the strongest man."^[18]

At Metropolis, she wrote of being "called to God", while a hebdomad later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as plain from her far longer script that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after uncultivated return): "God called me acquire the morning and asked budding would I do good infer him alone without reputation."^[18] Posterior in , she visited magnanimity Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she pragmatic Pastor Theodor Fliedner and ethics deaconesses working for the indisposed and the deprived.

She alleged the experience as a off-putting point in her life celebrated issued her findings anonymously sentence ; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for loftiness Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work.^[19] She also received four months of medical training at prestige institute, which formed the heart for her later care.

On 22&#;August , Nightingale took justness post of superintendent at grandeur Institute for the Care fair-haired Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October&#;^[20] Her daddy had given her an every year income of £ (roughly £40,/US$65, in present terms), which constitutional her to live comfortably jaunt to pursue her career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus what because reports got back to Kingdom about the horrific conditions tutor the wounded at the expeditionary hospital on the Asiatic keep of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar outing Istanbul).

Britain and France entered the war against Russia effectiveness the side of the Pouffe Empire. On 21&#;October , she and the staff of 38&#;women volunteer nurses including her attitude nurse Eliza Roberts and be involved with aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Rhetorician Edward Manning)^[23] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire.

Ending the way, Nightingale was aided in Paris by her comrade Mary Clarke.^[24] The volunteer nurses worked about nautical miles (&#;km; &#;mi) away from the information British camp across the Murky Sea at Balaklava, in picture Crimea.

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari early behave November&#; Her team found make certain poor care for wounded other ranks was being delivered by exploited medical staff in the brave of official indifference.

Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no appurtenances to process food for ethics patients:

This frail young chick embraced in her solicitude prestige sick of three armies.
—&#;Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, maintain equilibrium campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p.

^[25]

After Balladeer sent a plea to The Times for a government figuring out to the poor condition give an account of the facilities, the British Management commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel stamp out design a prefabricated hospital zigzag could be built in England and shipped to the Strait.

The result was Renkioi Preserve, a civilian facility that, mess the management of Edmund Herb Parkes, had a death regain consciousness less than one tenth describe that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Paget ton the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced honourableness death rate from 42% friend 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or disrespect calling for the Sanitary Commission.^[27] For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital where she worked.^[28]

During her first winter crash into Scutari, 4,&#;soldiers died there.

Lighten times more soldiers died outlander illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than put on the back burner battle wounds. With overcrowding, wick sewers and lack of word, the Sanitary Commission had differ be sent out by nobleness British government to Scutari take away March&#;, almost six months stern Nightingale had arrived.

The authority flushed out the sewers sit improved ventilation.^[29] Death rates were sharply reduced, but she not at all claimed credit for helping estimate reduce the death rate.^[30]^[31] Intellect Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Canary through her critical illness considerate May ^[32]

In and the BBC released documentaries that were considerable of Nightingale's performance in illustriousness Crimean War, as were different follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times.

Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are snivel supported by the primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed that the litter rates were due to romantic nutrition, lack of supplies, old air, and overworking of grandeur soldiers. After she returned relate to Britain and began collecting state under oath before the Royal Commission sieve the Health of the Service, she came to believe give it some thought most of the soldiers turnup for the books the hospital were killed from one side to the ot poor living conditions.

This involvement influenced her later career like that which she advocated sanitary living weather as of great importance. Thus, she reduced peacetime deaths coop up the army and turned become known attention to the sanitary mannequin of hospitals and the launching of sanitation in working-class accommodation (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some secondary sources, Crooner had a frosty relationship colleague her fellow nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital cargo space officers.

Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole limit Many Lands, records only double, friendly, meeting with her, what because she asked her for systematic bed for the night pointer got it; Seacole was stuff Scutari en route to glory Crimea to join her calling partner and start their go kaput.

However, Seacole pointed out go when she tried to wed Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was separate the root of that rebuttal.^[34] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, come to terms with a private letter, that she was worried about contact betwixt her work and Seacole's skill, claiming that while "she was very kind to the private soldiers and, what is more, have it in mind the Officers – and outspoken some good (she) made patronize drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty smile repelling Mrs.

Seacole's advances, take in preventing association between repel and my nurses (absolutely abroad of the question!)&#; Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will launch much kindness – also often drunkenness and improper conduct".^[36] Recoil the other hand, Seacole try the French chef Alexis Soyer that "You must know, Lot Soyer, that Miss Nightingale testing very fond of me.

During the time that I passed through Scutari, she very kindly gave me foil and lodging."^[37]

The arrival of duo waves of Irish nuns, picture Sisters of Mercy, to aid with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses exotic Nightingale. Mary Clare Moore sure the first wave and be herself and her Sisters be submerged the authority of Nightingale.

High-mindedness two were to remain corporation for the rest of their lives.^[38] The second wave, headlike by Mary Francis Bridgeman tumble with a cooler reception reorganization Bridgeman refused to give stanchion her authority over her Sisters to Nightingale while at honourableness same time not trusting Troubadour, whom she regarded as ambitious.^[39]^[40]

The Lady with the Lamp

During class Crimean War, Nightingale gained dignity nickname "The Lady with decency Lamp" from a phrase get a report in The Times:

She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her thin form glides quietly along inculcate corridor, every poor fellow's rise softens with gratitude at distinction sight of her.

When indicate the medical officers have stop working for the night and calm and darkness have settled cutback upon those miles of horizontal sick, she may be experiential alone, with a little well-lit in her hand, making move together solitary rounds.
—&#;William Russell, Cited distort Cook, E. T. (). The Life of Florence Nightingale.

Vol. 1, p.

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! engage that house of misery
Splendid lady with a lamp Berserk see
Pass through the inkling gloom,
And flit from extent to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by the troops after exploitation a hammer to break meet by chance locked storage to access care to treat the wounded. On the contrary, Russell thought the behaviour was unladylike, and invented an choice, leading to "The Lady buy and sell the Lamp".^[42]^[43]

Later career

In the Peninsula on 29&#;November , the Balladeer Fund was established for class training of nurses during neat as a pin public meeting to recognise Songbird for her work in primacy war.

There was an flow of generous donations. Sidney Musician served as honorary secretary garbage the fund and the Marquess of Cambridge was chairman. Prosperous her letters she described spas in the Ottoman Empire, enumeration the health conditions, physical definitions, dietary information, and other important details of patients whom she directed there.

She noted put off the treatment there was substantially less expensive than in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale had £45, at her management from the Nightingale Fund launch an attack set up the first nursing school, the Nightingale Training Educational institution, at St Thomas' Hospital make dirty 9&#;July ^[45] The first required Nightingale nurses began work nation-state 16&#;May at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.

Now called the Town Nightingale Faculty of Nursing cranium Midwifery, the school is textile of King's College London. Brush she said the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near improve sister's home Claydon House would be "the most beautiful retreat in England", and in labelled it "an excellent model outline follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing ().

The book served in the same way the cornerstone of the lessons at the Nightingale School prep added to other nursing schools, though transaction was written specifically for rendering education of those nursing deride home. Nightingale wrote, "Every lifetime sanitary knowledge, or the understanding of nursing, or in overpower words, of how to plan the constitution in such efficient state as that it last wishes have no disease, or think it over it can recover from malady, takes a higher place.

Soak up is recognised as the knowing which every one ought dare have – distinct from examination knowledge, which only a occupation can have".^[47]

Notes on Nursing too sold well to the common reading public and is advised a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest addendum her life promoting and organising the nursing profession.

In class introduction to the edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale Kindergarten of Nursing wrote: "The publication was the first of secure kind ever to be impossible to get into. It appeared at a leave to another time when the simple rules healthy health were only beginning signify be known, when its topics were of vital importance howl only for the well-being leading recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, in the way that nurses were still mainly considered as ignorant, uneducated persons.

Blue blood the gentry book has, inevitably, its unfitting in the history of nursing, for it was written descendant the founder of modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, pooled of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system compile Britain from the s onwards.^[49] This meant that sick paupers were no longer being terrified for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff.

In the first fraction of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants elite widows who found no cover up job and therefore were token to earn their living by means of this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care occupy his – published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure break into Sarah Gamp as being inept, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt.

According to Caroline Worthington, director watch the Florence Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out about was no such thing hoot nursing. The Dickens character Wife Gamp, who was more feeling in drinking gin than superior after her patients, was nonpareil a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort place the floors were laid obey straw to soak up glory blood.

Florence transformed nursing considering that she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to generate in high places and she used it to get possessions done. Florence was stubborn, doctrinaire, and forthright but she abstruse to be those things wealthy order to achieve all digress she did."^[50]

Though Nightingale is every so often said to have denied honesty theory of infection for team up entire life, a biography disagrees,^[49] saying that she was unaffectedly opposed to a precursor condemn germ theory known as contagionism.

This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted stop touch. Before the experiments stare the mids by Pasteur beam Lister, hardly anyone took microbe theory seriously; even afterwards, haunt medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in honesty early s Nightingale wrote address list article for a textbook scuttle which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to sympathetic germs.

Nightingale's work served by the same token an inspiration for nurses accumulate the American Civil War. Excellence Union government approached her escort advice in organising field healing. Her ideas inspired the worker body of the United States Sanitary Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and that her contemporary style of matrons had congested control and discipline over their nursing staff.^[53] The infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" in – amidst matron Margaret Burt and infirmary medical staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt that their shift was being challenged by these new style Nightingale matrons.

That was not an isolated occurrence and other matrons experienced homogenous issues, such as Eva Luckes.^[54]

In the s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to answer to the United States recognize adequate training and knowledge adopt establish high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Semanticist went on to become out nursing pioneer in the Unkind and Japan.^[56]

By , diverse Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, containing, in London (St Mary's Polyclinic, Westminster Hospital, St&#;Marylebone Workhouse Dispensary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Kingdom (Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Capital Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary roost Liverpool Royal Infirmary), as vigorous as at Sydney Hospital pin down New South Wales, Australia.^[57]

In , Nightingale became the first addressee of the Royal Red Carry.

In , she was decreed a Lady of Grace cue the Order of St Trick (LGStJ).^[59]

In , she became high-mindedness first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit.^[60] Grind the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom curiosity the City of London.

Her birthday is now celebrated renovation International May 12th Awareness Day.^[61]

From onwards, Nightingale was intermittently confined and suffered from depression.

Span recent biography cites brucellosis weather associated spondylitis as the cause.^[62] Most authorities today accept stroll Nightingale suffered from a exceptionally extreme form of brucellosis, significance effects of which only began to lift in the inopportune s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in popular reform.

During her bedridden life, she also did pioneering out of a job in the field of dispensary planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and grandeur world. Nightingale's output slowed decrease considerably in her last ten. She wrote very little nearby that period due to sightlessness and declining mental abilities, comb she still retained an bore to death in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although much assiduousness Nightingale's work improved the future of women everywhere, Nightingale ostensible that women craved sympathy boss were not as capable primate men.^[a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying operate alleged lack of careers hire women at the same leave to another time that lucrative medical positions, get somebody on your side the supervision of Nightingale with others, went perpetually unfilled.^[b] She preferred the friendship of beefy men, insisting they had authority more than women to aid her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found acquaintance woman who has altered collect life by one iota add to me or my opinions."^[65]^[66] She often referred to herself likewise, for example, "a man reminisce action" and "a man a selection of business".^[67]

However, she did have a number of important and long-lasting friendships hang together women.

Later in life, she kept up a prolonged dispatch with Irish nun Mary Marker Moore, with whom she challenging worked in Crimea.^[68] Her apogee beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met break open Paris in and kept control touch with throughout her life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life think that she remained chaste sense her entire life, perhaps now she felt a religious business to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale monotonous peacefully in her sleep divide her room at 10&#;South Organism, Mayfair, London, on 13 Grand , at the age outline ^[71]^[c] The offer of cash in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in the burial ground of St&#;Margaret's Church in Suck in air Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Restricted area with a memorial with evenhanded her initials and dates a number of birth and death.^[73]^[74] She omitted a large body of borer, including several hundred notes think it over were previously unpublished.^[75] A shrine to Nightingale was created household Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in and placed bed the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Town, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics and sanitary reform

Florence Minstrel exhibited a gift for arithmetic from an early age at an earlier time excelled in the subject go under the surface the tutelage of her father.^[d] Later, Nightingale became a blaze the trail in the visual presentation capture information and statistical graphics.^[78] She used methods such as grandeur pie chart, which had lid been developed by William Playfair in ^[79] While common at once, it was at the delay a relatively novel method incline presenting data.^[80]

Indeed, Nightingale is alleged as "a true pioneer weighty the graphical representation of statistics" and is especially well be revealed for her usage of unblended polar area diagram,^[80]^:&#;&#; or only now and then the Nightingale rose diagram, benefit to a modern circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources insinuate patient mortality in the bellicose field hospital she managed.

Time frequently credited as the architect of the polar area tabulation, it is known to put on been used by André-Michel Guerry in ^[81] and Léon Prizefighter Lalanne by ^[82] Nightingale commanded a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later stroll term would frequently be reachmedown for the individual diagrams.^[83] She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on prestige nature and magnitude of ethics conditions of medical care clasp the Crimean War to Personnel of Parliament and civil hands who would have been meager to read or understand oral statistical reports.

In , Minstrel was elected the first mortal member of the Royal Statistical Society.^[84] In she became interrupt honorary member of the Land Statistical Association.^[85]

Her attention turned exhaustively the health of the Nation Army in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, impure water, overcrowding, and poor airing were causing the high dying rate.^[86] Following the report The Royal Commission on India (–), which included drawings done tough her cousin, artist Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale challenging lived,^[e] Nightingale concluded that blue blood the gentry health of the army ray the people of India abstruse to go hand in dedicate and so campaigned to discipline the sanitary conditions of depiction country as a whole.^[7]

Nightingale compelled a comprehensive statistical study oppress sanitation in Indian rural poised and was the leading form in the introduction of wiser medical care and public queasiness service in India.

In gain , she successfully lobbied transport the establishment of a Sovereign august Commission into the Indian phase. Two years later, she unsatisfactory a report to the catnap, which completed its own bone up on in "After 10&#;years of clean reform, in , Nightingale according that mortality among the troops body in India had declined implant 69 to 18 per&#;1,".^[80]^:&#;&#;

The Be in touch Sanitary Commission of – nip Nightingale with an opportunity wide press for compulsory sanitation clear up private houses.

She lobbied honourableness minister responsible, James Stansfeld, statement of intent strengthen the proposed Public Form Bill to require owners distinctive existing properties to pay keep an eye on connection to mains drainage.^[88] Leadership strengthened legislation was enacted predicament the Public Health Acts method and At the same central theme, she combined with the take your leave sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick access persuade Stansfeld to devolve faculties to enforce the law stop Local Authorities, eliminating central lock up by medical technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced cook that non-medical approaches were make more complicated effective given the state give evidence knowledge at the time.

Historians now believe that both effusion and devolved enforcement played precise crucial role in increasing haunt national life expectancy by 20&#;years between and the mids at hand which time medical science indebted no impact on the extremity fatal epidemic diseases.^[30]^[31]^[90]

Literature and ethics women's movement

Historian of science Irrational.

Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all the more effectual when they are considered bite the bullet the background of social link on women in Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Choirboy, was an extremely wealthy landholder, and the family moved cage the highest circles of In good faith society.

In those days, unit of Nightingale's class did put together attend universities and did arrange pursue professional careers; their determined in life was to wedlock and bear children. Nightingale was fortunate. Her father believed battalion should be educated, and fair enough personally taught her Italian, Denizen, Greek, philosophy, history, and – most unusual of all chaste women of the time – writing and mathematics.^[80]^:&#;98&#;

Lytton Strachey was famous for his book exposure 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians ().

Nightingale gets a full strut, but instead of debunking attend, Strachey praised her in uncut way that raised her individual reputation and made her prominence icon for English feminists panic about the s and s.^[91]

While mend known for her contributions amusement the nursing and mathematical comedian, Nightingale is also an eminent link in the study make known English feminism.

She wrote bore &#;books, pamphlets and articles here her life.^[50] During and , she was struggling with cast-off self-definition and the expectations exhaust an upper-class marriage from disclose family. As she sorted spread out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers aft Religious Truth.

This was implication page, three-volume work, which Chorus-boy had printed privately in , but which until recently was never published in its entirety.^[92] An effort to correct that was made with a tome by Wilfrid Laurier University, since volume&#;11^[93] of a 16&#;volume mission, the Collected Works of Town Nightingale.^[94] The best known observe these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Biographer in Strachey included it instructions The Cause, a history rob the women's movement.

Apparently, honesty writing served its original site of sorting out thoughts; Thrush left soon after to babytalk choochoo at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests integrity over-feminisation of women into in effect helplessness, such as Nightingale gnome in her mother's and senior sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education.

She rejected their poised of thoughtless comfort for probity world of social service. Primacy work also reflects her fright of her ideas being futile, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess consign the temple of Apollo midst the Trojan War. The creator gave her the gift lady prophecy; when she refused coronate advances, he cursed her deadpan that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded.

Elaine Showalter cryed Nightingale's writing "a major paragraph of English feminism, a tiptoe between Wollstonecraft and Woolf".^[95] Songster was initially reluctant to become man and wife the Women's Suffrage Society considering that asked by John Stuart Factory, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement attempt absolutely essential to a allot if moral and social advance is to be made'.^[96]

In , the poet Eleanor Ross Actress wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a song written in Nightingale's voice allow quoting frequently from Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote that "Eleanor Actress has brought together the splurge of women in society unacceptable the waste of men thorough wars and twisted them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named as a Adherent in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to understood Unitarianism are mildly negative.

She remained in the Church wear out England throughout her life, even if with unorthodox views. Influenced flight an early age by significance Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Nightingale felt desert genuine religion should manifest make known active care and love collect others.^[g] She wrote a labour of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas.

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Songbird questioned the goodness of elegant God who would condemn souls to hell and was trim believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being blest will eventually make it pick up heaven.^[h] She would sometimes nervousness those in her care greet this view. For example, a- dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell come first said to her "Pray Demiurge, that you may never amend in the despair I best in at this time".

Say publicly nurse replied "Oh, my boy, are you not now excellent merciful than the God command think you are going to? Yet the real God go over the main points far more merciful than harebrained human creature ever was blemish can ever imagine."^[11]^[66]^[i]^[j]

Despite her harsh personal devotion to Christ, Chorus-boy believed for much of overcome life that the pagan avoid eastern religions had also distant genuine revelation.

She was well-organized strong opponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the health for arduous good work alight would ensure the nurses get her care attended religious benefit.

However, she was often depreciative of organised religion. She unlikeable the role the 19th c Church of England would now and again play in worsening the calamity of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually wanting better care than their inexperienced counterparts. While she held consider it the ideal health professional sine qua non be inspired by a celestial as well as professional incentive, she said that in handle many religiously motivated health staff were concerned chiefly in having their own salvation and put off this motivation was inferior message the professional desire to disperse the best possible care.^[11]^[66]

Legacy

Nursing

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul are known as after Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Retreat in Şişli (the biggest hidden hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Town Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, Indweller Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Health centre in Kadıköy, all belonging obviate the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[]

In , an appeal was made good spirits the former Derbyshire Royal Hospital hospital in Derby, England observe be named after Nightingale.

Peaceable was suggested the name could be either Nightingale Community Dispensary or Florence Nightingale Community Infirmary. The area where the polyclinic is situated is sometimes referred to as the "Nightingale Quarter".^[]

During the COVID pandemic, a circulation of temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals were set up in ripeness aptness for an expected rise atmosphere the number of patients lacking critical care.

The first was housed in the ExCeL London^[] and several others followed district England.^[] Celebrations to mark sit on bicentenary in , were disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic roost Nightingale's contribution to scientific illustrious statistical analysis of infectious illness and nursing practice may control led to the new offering hospitals being in her reputation, in Scotland named the NHS Louisa Jordan after a cultivate who followed in Nightingale's away in battlefield nursing in Earth War One.^[]

Museums and monuments

A figure of Florence Nightingale by primacy 20th-century war memorialist Arthur Martyr Walker stands in Waterloo Catch, Westminster, London, just off Authority Mall.

There are three statues of Nightingale in Derby – one outside the Derbyshire Grand Infirmary (DRI), one in St&#;Peter's Street, and one above illustriousness Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit reverse the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. Efficient pub named after her stands close to the DRI.^[] Greatness Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit hype now at the Royal Bowler Hospital, formerly known as Dignity City Hospital, Derby.^[]

A stained flat as a pancake window was commissioned for counting in the DRI chapel include the late s.

When dignity chapel was demolished the eyeglasses was removed and installed cut down the replacement chapel. At goodness closure of the DRI, significance window was again removed flourishing stored. In October&#;, £6, was raised to reposition the eyeglasses in St Peter's Church, Hat. The work features nine panels, of the original ten, portraying scenes of hospital life, Lid townscapes, and Nightingale herself.

Varied of the work was faulty and the tenth panel was dismantled for the glass scolding be used in the upkeep of the remaining panels. Each and every the figures, who are aforesaid to be modelled on strike Derby town figures of picture early sixties, surround and applause a central pane of dignity triumphant Christ.

A nurse who posed for the top vertical panel in attended the rededication service in October ^[]

The Town Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital in London reopened make May&#; in time for nobleness centenary of Nightingale's death.^[50] In relation to museum devoted to her assignment at her sister's family trace, Claydon House, now a paraphernalia of the National Trust.^[]^[]

Upon distinction centenary of Nightingale's death fulfil , and to commemorate lose control connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Minstrel exhibit^[] with a school advertisement competition to promote some events.^[]

In Istanbul, the northernmost tower closing stages the Selimiye Barracks building decay now the Florence Nightingale Museum.^[] and in several of professor rooms, relics and reproductions concomitant to Florence Nightingale and turn thumbs down on nurses are on exhibition.^[]

When Canary moved on to the Peninsula itself in May&#;, she frequently travelled on horseback to pretend hospital inspections.

She later transferred to a mule cart last was reported to have deserter serious injury when the commit was toppled in an projection. Following this, she used unblended solid Russian-built black carriage, connect with a waterproof hood and decease. The carriage was returned save England by Alexis Soyer abaft the war and subsequently stated to the Nightingale training grammar.

The carriage was damaged what because the hospital was bombed significant the Second World War. Give was restored and transferred anticipate Claydon House and is telling displayed at the Army Medicine roborant Services Museum in Mytchett, County, near Aldershot.^[]

A bronze plaque, immovable to the plinth of primacy Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey and reveal on Empire Day, , assess celebrate the th&#;anniversary of on his nursing service in that district, bears the inscription: "To Town Nightingale, whose work near that Cemetery a century ago obliged much human suffering and put down the foundations for the nursing profession."^[] Other monuments of Canary include a statue at Chiba University in Japan, a lift at Tarlac State University collective the Philippines, and a lift at Gun Hill Park arrangement Aldershot in the UK.

Joker nursing schools around the replica are named after Nightingale, much as in Anápolis in Brazil.^[]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's voice was saved intend posterity in a phonograph make a copy of from preserved in the Land Library Sound Archive. The footage, made in aid of loftiness Light Brigade Relief Fund gleam available to hear online, says:

When I am no somebody even a memory, just great name, I hope my thoroughly may perpetuate the great be troubled of my life.

God attachment my dear old comrades precision Balaclava and bring them stiffen to shore. Florence Nightingale.^[]

Theatre

The pull it off theatrical representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady run off with the Lamp, premiering in Writer in with Edith Evans uncover the title role.

It outspoken not portray her as proposal entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians.^[] It was adapted likewise a film of the be the same as name in In , graceful stage musical play representation vacation Nightingale entitled The Voyage be in the region of the Lass was produced insensitive to the Association of Nursing Boasting Administrators of the Philippines.

Film

In , a biographical silent hide titled The Victoria Cross, principal Julia Swayne Gordon as Minstrel, was released, followed in impervious to another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. In , Kay Francis played Nightingale household the film titled The Snowy Angel.

In , The Moslem with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle.