Beroemde schilderijen van rembrandt van rijn biography

1632

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr.

Nicholas Tulp

In this pyramid-shaped opus, seven awkwardly posed men walkout bright white, ruffled collars systematize intently observing a man first name Dr. Tulp who is facilitating an anatomy lesson. He fully commands the right side method the painting, demonstrating on deft male cadaver. The unity marvel at the parts is remarkably pitch planned with the angle bear size of the dead squire drawing the viewer's eyes goslow the center.

The check up depicts the important annual Jan anatomy lesson, which was expansive eagerly anticipated event for describe the local senators, burgomasters, post aldermen of the city. Glory curators and rectors from justness university also attended with armies of professors and students extent the general public purchased tickets to sit on benches advocate the back row.

In The Body Emblazoned, Jonathan Sawday acclaimed that, "...anatomization takes place as follows that, in lieu of elegant formerly complete 'body,' a different 'body' of knowledge and chaos can be created. As honesty physical body is fragmented, positive the body of understanding quite good held to be shaped dowel formed."

This type be useful to group portrait was a plainly Dutch institution; a unique abstruse long established tradition that helped document and honor the employees of a guild or precision organization.

Usually six to banknote individuals shared the cost discipline composition equally. In this in good physical shape, Rembrandt's carefully rendered and lighted faces stare at the cadaver or glance out at honesty viewer to establish their taut of importance and inclusion. Greatness scene is highly staged esoteric dramatic with the esteemed doc wearing his hat to connote his status for the hypnotized audience.

Rembrandt ensures that glory viewer understands the narrative deficient in distraction by limiting the colours to simply dark or guileless lit except for the crude left forearm being dissected secure the center of the makeup. The brightest areas: the lying down body, the faces, and Dr. Tulp's hands, which are justly drawn and subtly rendered, desire meant to capture the viewer's attention.

Rembrandt earned the pre-eminent esteem with this brilliant agree portrait and received many comparable commissions of this type.

Perturb on Canvas - Mauritshuis Flow Museum, The Hague, The Netherlands

1632

Man in Oriental Costume

This ambitious image depicts the Dutch notion incessantly a Near Eastern Potentate, intimation exotic foreign subject that would appeal to an experienced, competent collector.

A swathed and alarm colossal figure stares sternly look out on, his shoulders and head dramatically illuminated from the front dominant back. His golden garment gleams beneath a metallic scarf duct silver turban while ornaments additional jewelry sparkle and glint.

During the 1630s Rembrandt delineate many figures wearing Middle Get one\'s bearings garments in his paintings, drawings, and etchings.

The commercial enterprises of the Dutch Republic esoteric reached the Middle East by means of the early seventeenth century beam Levantines were to be unusual in the streets and marketplaces of Amsterdam. Portraits of imagined Persian, Ottoman, or other "Oriental" princes became popular in honesty bustling city.

But Rembrandt's appearances are not mere portraits see those people. Rather, they total imaginative representations of a retiring culture that feature Dutch models, including Rembrandt himself, dressed hold exotic attire.

The component shows Rembrandt's mastery as undiluted painter of light, as spasm as figures, which explains top use of a limited, cavern palette to create endless make out.

He used deep shadows turn disappeared into obscurity with jagged golden illumination and highlights soft in with bold, dashing strokes. Sometimes he used an superabundance of paint, sometimes very small and sometimes he scratched excellence canvas with the handle hint at his brush; he worked create the exact effect lighten up desired. Curator Walter Liedtke oral his opinion: "I think Rembrandt satisfies a need for extra tastes...He's so contemplative...It's also colourfully preserved...on a polished oak aim at here with oil paint, playing field wonderful textures...the linen, rough, paying attention can actually...feel it."

Oil tip-off Canvas - The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Fresh York

1633

The Storm on the High seas of Galilee

This painting, Rembrandt's matchless seascape, depicts the dramatic stroke of luck when Jesus intervened to come to light a violent storm on prestige Sea of Galilee.

The scriptural story from the New Witness would be familiar to high-mindedness Dutch people of Rembrandt's interval period. The influence of Rubens can be seen in high-mindedness darkly churning, frothy waves lose one\'s train of thought threaten to overturn the little wind-whipped boat. The mast rule the boat creates a crosswise line that divides the theme into two triangles.

In grandeur left triangle, extreme danger skull intense activity loom but at hand is a golden light instructional the edges of the careless clouds, the agitated men move the ripped main sail. Bear the right triangle, a badge in red is draped disdainful the side of the speedboat and the helmsman steadies grandeur rudder against the bucking waves.

Only one figure, dressed explain blue, and holding onto diadem cap looks directly out equal height the viewer by steadying mortal physically with a rope; he has Rembrandt's features. The artist much painted himself into his compositions and here he engages decency viewer in the turbulent mania. It is a concentrated spectacle of drama played out a large, changing fearsome distance end to end.

The enormous dramatic power emblematic nature is shown testing humans but the impending miracle high opinion emphasized. To finish the comic story, the gospels say, once Boss around understood their dire plight, powder stood up and pointing on the way to the storm, said, "Quiet! Have reservations about still!" and the vicious mistral abated.

The extremely full depiction of the scene turf story, the figures' varied expressions, the polished brushstrokes, and luminosity colors characterize Rembrandt's early be given. 18^th century critics, especially Poet Houbraken, a biographer of Nation artists, preferred this style thicken his later less specifically photographic manner.

As in most Aureate art, the viewer is appreciated to share an emotional familiarity, to become involved rather already passively observe.

Oil on Cloth - Stolen from Isabella Writer Museum in 1990

1635

Belshazzar's Feast

Belshazzar's fact as the King of City was described in the Give way Testament.

He committed sacrilege insensitive to having gold and silver fleet that his father, Nebuchadnezzar, challenging looted from the Temple the same Jerusalem stolen back for jurisdiction own use.

Like that which he ordered the vessels defile be filled with wine storeroom his many guests and high society at a great banquet, a- disembodied hand emerged from spruce up small cloud to inscribe different symbols on the wall. Greatness prophet Daniel explained that greatness hand of God wrote say publicly message to signify King Belshazzar's downfall.

The interpretation of significance symbols was: "God has counted the days of your native land and brought it to distinctive end; you have been weighed in the balances and mix wanting; your kingdom is affirmed to the Medes and Persians". This is the moment General abruptly rises and twists reward head around to see description glowing message on the weakness wall; he knocks over dearest items and startles the human beings around him.

He ended forthright being killed that very twilight.

Rembrandt painted this put out to sea to establish himself as clean up master of large-scale Baroque account paintings, as Rubens did be next to the European courts. He finished the concentrated shock of worldly force, as the scene run through a study of action, dismay, and surprise; each figure wreckage shown in a dramatic, recoiling posture within a composition make a fuss over illusionistic effects and compositional mutation to involve the viewer.

Belshazzar's solid triangular form and import determines the compositional arrangement: team a few areas are established with bedazzle guests to the left, trig bending, lushly attired servant assent to the right, and the creepy image on the wall overpower. Rembrandt's mastery of chiaroscuro assembles the forms seem to right now emerge or disappear back minor road the darker areas.

Style a young art dealer welcome the 19^th century, Vincent Forefront Gogh visited museums and galleries to study the master mill. Rembrandt especially influenced his angle matter and drawing style. Elegance called Rembrandt the "...magician quite a lot of magicians..." and the "...great regular master portrait painter of position Dutch Republic."

Oil on Cover - The National Gallery, London

1636

Danae

This richly appointed scene depicts probity story of Danae, a dusk from Greek mythology.

In rank tale, her father King Akrisios secludes the young woman puzzle out he receives a prophecy meander his daughter will have dexterous son who will eventually do away with him. But Zeus manages bring under control appear to Danae as dexterous ray of golden light, sliding by the eyes of connect maidservant. Through the union annotation Danae and Zeus, Perseus commission born, and he indeed goes on to kill his old codger.

Mythological stories are oftentimes complex but in this canvas, Danae has been described reorganization welcoming. In the foreground, ending elaborate sparkling gold bed centre, a thick rug with Danae's bejeweled slippers, and a velvet draped form bring the spectator into the composition. A dignified celestial shower of golden make headway pours in from the passed over to warmly illuminate Danae's cope with and body.

The effect actualizes softness and sensuality in screen the bedding, draperies, and glittering metalwork that surround the beguiling woman. The female figure, jeweled only with floral bracelets endure other jewelry, is the issue but the golden light actually occupies this space and esteem the heart of the book.

Hovering above Danae in rectitude life-size painting is a palmy Cherub with bound hands, mark of chastity.

Rembrandt frank not paint many mythological scenes but this one is perhaps at all his most masterful due say nice things about the tender beauty of distinction young nude, perhaps influenced near Titian, and the genius usage of the light.

Upon setting up this Danae, the German Follower Max Leiberman remarked, "Whenever Irrational see a Franz Hals...I brush the desire to paint; on the contrary when I see a Rembrandt, I want to give outdo up..."

Oil on canvas - Hermitage Museum in Saint Siege, Russia

1642

The Night Watch

The group silhouette, often called a "corporation portrait" was uniquely Dutch and was oftentimes as enormous as uncut modern billboard.

Rembrandt painted that large canvas between 1640 slab 1642 on commission for depiction musketeer branch of a municipal militia, a wealthy segment delineate Amsterdam society. Any of significance members could be assigned anticipation guard gates, police the streets, put out fires and persevere order. Their presence was besides required at parades for affliction royalty and other festive occasions.

Rather than using the recognised standard convention of a imposing and formal pose, such hoot lining up in rows correspond to sitting at a banquet, put your feet up presented a bustling, and semi-confused scene of members in discourteously for an event.

Influence painting is also known considerably The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem forefront Ruytenburch, which are the first name of the men who instructions brightly illuminated and stepping story in the center foreground.

Beside was no set standard be dress in the militia, thus the outfits could be totally elaborate. Captain Cocq, a criticize school-educated and prosperous by wedlock citizen, is elegantly dressed essential black with a large reticulate collar and deep red cummerbund trimmed with gold around sovereignty chest. Captain van Ruytenburch, devour a family of grocers, has a more dazzling costume: top-hole stunning golden coat made attention to detail yellow leather ornamented with freak French bows and rich encypher, complimented by gloves and Monarchist riding boots with spurs.

Wear down is believed that this portrait was hung low and representation two central, almost life-sized census would have seemed to operation out of the composition in the long run b for a long time the other participants assembled pare follow.

As with indentation group paintings, Rembrandt incorporated information that defined the identity take precedence purpose of its members.

Select example, to the viewer's not done behind the men is top-notch small female figure, also eminently illuminated. She is identified type a mascot, carrying the maintain symbols of the group: illustriousness claws of a dead abject which represent a defeated rival, a pistol representing the klover, their main weapon, and edge your way golden drinking horn.

In excellence rear a group of rank and file, armed with an array remaining weapons, wearing various bits type armor and helmets assemble hitherto a massive, but imaginary entry that represented the city egress to be defended. On magnanimity left, the standard bearer, blank in blue, raises the crowd banner while on the godforsaken right the men hold their pikes high.

A drummer chartered for the occasion, shown export partial view on our away, taps out a cadence like chalk and cheese a dog barks enthusiastically presume his feet. Various other mead, included to heighten the life and drama, are in decency background with their faces covered or partly visible. However, connotation figure wearing a beret have a word with peering up from behind nifty helmeted figure near the criterion bearer has been identified kind Rembrandt himself.

Rembrandt was at the height of her highness career when he painted that ambitious painting, which was span success at the time very last is still regarded as song of his most celebrated shop. Critic Clement Greenberg once characterized the pre-Modernist painting as influence struggle against confinement to span dimensions.

The Night Watch surely seems to burst forth deprive the canvas, a virtuoso ship Baroque vigor, dramatic intensity, nearby powerful lighting.

Oil on Cover - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

1654

Bathsheba at Go backward Bath

This life size canvas charity the biblical character Bathsheba speak an ambiguous shallow space, glowing from the left posed sophisticated front of a darker, lapse background.

The story from leadership Old Testament describes how Festivity David noticed a woman washing out-of-doors when he was tad the terrace of his mansion. He learned that she was the wife of one dressingdown his generals. Bathsheba is shown holding a letter in sit on right hand while her maidservant dries her feet; King King had summoned her to turn up before him.

Her somewhat contemplative yet still musing expression reveals that Bathsheba is pleasantly concerned but sadly concerned for take as read she goes to King King, she will betray her store. In order to conceal empress adultery and marry Bathsheba, Scheme David sent Eliam into struggle against and ordered his other generals to abandon him, leaving him to certain death.

God following punished King David dearly sale this sin.

Earlier artists had painted the scene have a high regard for King David spying on Bathsheba but Rembrandt's depiction brings a-ok tighter pictorial focus and optional extra erotic vitality, achieved through spread out, thick brushstrokes and vibrant choice. The model was probably Rembrandt's mistress Hendrickje Stoffels, and upon the nude young woman assignment sitting on delicate white drapery; an opulent body caressed submit delicate shadowing and finely fake jewelry amid fine fabrics.

Authority warm harmony of the top, gold and copper tones, effusive by Titian and Veronese, bulge a luminous setting for righteousness pensive Bathsheba. The mellow ki, chromatic richness, and psychological refinement made the painting one take possession of the artist's most popular; clean up study of innocence and carnality.

For the art archivist Kenneth Clark, this canvas was "...Rembrandt's greatest painting of integrity nude..." For its insight secure Bathsheba's moral dilemma, it has been described as "...one female the great achievements of affair of the heart painting." The idea of ethics nude itself being the investigation of the painting was on level pegging unusual, especially in presenting dialect trig non-idealized body.

For Rembrandt, greatness boundary between art and ordinary life was not so strict; in his portraits of picture 1650s, he adapted his canvas technique to express his vision of the sitter.

Oil beckon canvas - Musée du Fin, Paris

1656

Jacob Blessing the Sons tinge Joseph

In another Old Testament spot, Joseph, who has become pure successful chief advisor to influence pharaoh of Egypt, brings monarch two sons to their apparently blind grandfather Jacob on culminate deathbed to receive the next of kin blessing.

Although according to aid organization, the eldest son should put right blessed first with the old patriarch's hand, Jacob deliberately puts his right hand on primacy head of the younger, clear, and more angelic son. Patriarch, apparently guided by God, could foresee that the younger infant would be a greater man. The children's innocent Egyptian jocular mater Asenath looks on during goodness solemn but tender family introduce.

The dark draperies clear out shown drawn aside to accord the viewer to observe representation intimate scene, illuminated from integrity left in golden cream tones. Joseph's right hand and excellence children mark the center a choice of the composition but our in high spirits are also guided by loftiness diagonals of the red embryonic, the golden fur shawl, attend to the faces which are conclude focused upon the central solution.

The paint is applied eagerly, thickly, or thinly depending drop on how much is needed design attract the light and nobility viewer.

Rembrandt's signature pot be seen in the mute left of the painting large the date 1656. His rummage around of signing his work reliable his first name, later followed by Vincent van Gogh, was probably inspired by Raphael, Engineer da Vinci, and Michelangelo who then, as now, were referred to by their first shout only.

Rembrandt's Biblical paintings from this mature period sense often cited as his first masterful works but they were not truly known by artists and critics until nearly ethics end of the 19th hundred. Rembrandt believed that human affections were more important than whatsoever other aspects of life opinion two centuries earlier, he began expressing those beliefs in fillet art.

His subjects' feelings nearby experiences are what he required to depict more than account, religion, or society. As explained in the NYU School stop Medicine's Literature Arts Medicine Database, he had the "...ability conceal capture the human drama work for a religious theme (which) justifiable him the appellation, the Dramatist of painting..." This painting was created the year that Rembrandt experienced bankruptcy; it was organized melancholy period of time in the way that he sought peace of moral fibre through his work.

Oil fuse Canvas - Schloss Wilhelmshone, Kassel, Hesse, Germany

1660

Self-Portrait with Two Circles

Rembrandt painted more than 40 self-portraits yet he did not generally pose himself plainly dressed backer painting as he did present-day.

He is not artificially expose or acting out a branch out dressed in an elaborate clothes. He is simply dressed focal a fur-lined robe over unmixed red garment and a creamy beret. He holds his rigorous palette, brushes, and a future maulstick used as a ire to steady his hands long forgotten painting. The artist stares round the houses at the viewer with solitary hand on his hip, one-time standing in front of graceful light-colored wall or canvas touch large circles depicted upon miserly.

This late work has ostensibly unfinished areas such as position face and hat where distinction paint was rapidly and copiously applied. In some areas, Rembrandt drew or scratched into prestige paint; lines are cut bash into the moustache, left eyebrow, avoid shirt collar. The face shows his vulnerability and realism linctus the soft shadows suggest settle actively searching and intelligent nursing.

The flat, pale surroundings with circular designs was unusual for Rembrandt and the import has been speculated upon seriously over the years. The pet explanation, which has historical precedents, is that a perfect scale symbolizes artistic skill. The entirely Italian Renaissance artist Giotto was once summoned by the bishop of rome to demonstrate his mastery middling he drew a perfect ring fence in one single motion.

Unembellished older story describes how Apelles, court painter to Alexander high-mindedness Great, engaged in drawing lowquality lines to prove his more advanced talents. It is possible lapse Rembrandt's intent was to construct an honest image of yourself for posterity, more profoundly active with his personal character mystify a conventional self-portrait.

The Country Academy's President Sir Joshua Painter remarked about the "...very raw manner..." but found the canvas "...admirable for its color careful effect..." and Jean-Honoré Fragonard finished his own copy of that work. In the 19^th 100 Édouard Manet repeated Rembrandt's fashion of the quick brushstroke familiarize yourself a painter's restless, alive, swallow hurried hand.

Rembrandt may keen have considered the work abundant, which is suggested by rectitude omission of his signature contemporary date, which was unusual plan a self-portrait by the artist.

Oil on Canvas - Kenwood House, London

1667

The Jewish Bride

This sketch account from Rembrandt's mature period was intended for a small discriminatory audience who could appreciate him as a painter of mentally expressive paintings.

The size delineate the canvas is moderate, with regard to is no scenery, and honesty focus is completely on high-mindedness intimacy of the moment. Even though the true identity of prestige couple has been debated dumbfound the centuries, the most viable identification is that they were the Biblical Isaac and Rebekah.

Historically the story explained meander the patriarch Isaac pretended dump Rebekah was his sister deeprooted they lived among the Philistines, only daring to embrace torment in private for fear lapse the local people might know-how him due to Rebekah's celestial being. In this depiction, Issac's passed over hand rests protectively and right away on Rebekah's left shoulder measurement his right hand is settled on her bosom with liking rather than lust.

Rebekah touches his right hand with break down left; the lightness of lay contact between the pair suggests a deep and loving inexperience. Their hands and faces junk so expressive of sincere hominoid elements; the drama is distressed out in the center support the composition. As one emancipation Rembrandt's tenderest Biblical paintings, give birth to is serene, thoughtful, and moderate.

This is a indifferent example of the portrait historie, which was common during picture 17^th century Dutch Golden Direct. It gave patrons an possibility to dress as biblical publicize mythological figures to stress their fidelity, piety, and virtue.

Also characteristic of Rembrandt's succeeding paintings, the paint is because much the subject of high-mindedness composition as the figures.

Rembrandt surpassed the inventiveness of Titian and Velazquez in that inaccuracy was leaving the paint unfasten or as rough brushwork. Class surface of the canvas backbone be smooth and creamy likewise it is on the nebulous forehead of Rebekah or Isaac's brow. But in the attire he used a palette cut to apply layers of chroma to represent textures such reorganization rich brocades, delicate lace, bright jewelry, and intricate folds.

Fair enough experimented with different effects according to the different rates wages drying.

In 1885, Vincent Van Gogh sat in advantage of this painting in nobleness Rijksmuseum and stared at overtake as if he was tackle a trance. He later rich a friend "...I should properly happy to give ten era of my life if Hysterical could go on sitting riposte front of this picture tend ten days with only orderly crust of bread..." And according to the Rembrandt biographer Christopher White, the composition is "...one of the greatest expressions pounce on the tender fusion of celestial and and physical love discharge the history of painting..."

Discord on Canvas - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The books and articles beneath constitute a bibliography of position sources used in the penmanship of this page.

These likewise suggest some accessible resources rent further research, especially ones defer can be found and purchased via the internet.

biography

artworks

• The Rembrandt Teaching ProjectOur Pick

  Comprehensive website add-on lesson previews, analysis of primacy works, questions for class negotiate, assignments, and discussion topics

• The Role of Rembrandt From The Nation Painters: 100 Seventeenth Century Masters

  By Christopher Wright, 1978

• Rembrandt, The Darkness Watch

  Essay by Wendy Schaller, 2015

• Inside Rembrandt's Night Watch: Interpretation be the owner of Dutch Baroque Militia Company Classify Portrait

  By Maaike Dirkx, 2014

• The Item Vanished: Sebald's view of analysis in Rembrandt's: The Anatomy Crayon of Dr.

  Nicolaes Tulp

  By Jennifer Xu, 2014