Ameen rihani biography of mahatma gandhi

Ameen Rihani

Biography and Achievements

Part One: Biography
Early Days

Ameen Rihani (1876 –1940), was a Lebanese Arab-American writer, mental and political activist.

Well familiar as the Founding Father simulated Arab-American Literature, Rihani was besides a major figure in representation Mahjar literary movement established unused Arab emigrants in North U.s., and an early theorist more than a few Arab nationalism. He became intimation American citizen in 1901.

Born in Freike, Lebanon, on Nov 24, 1876, Rihani was work out of six children and primacy oldest son of a Asiatic Maronite raw silk manufacturer, Fares Rihani.

In 1888, Fares hurl his brother and Ameen concern New York City; he followed them, with the rest wheedle the family, a year afterwards. Ameen, then eleven years application, was placed in a grammar where he learned the principle of the English language. Fillet father and uncle, having ancestral themselves as merchants in unembellished small cellar in lower Borough, soon felt the need cause an assistant who could skim and write in English.

Hence, the boy was taken cushion from school to become nobility chief clerk, interpreter and accountant of the business. Picture (pic) Ameen Rihani, New York, 1916

The young Ameen was an insatiable reader, during these early stage, Ameen made the acquaintance defer to American and European writers.

Settle down eventually became familiar with grandeur writings of Shakespeare, Hugo, Naturalist, Huxley, Spencer, Whitman, Tolstoy, Arouet, Thoreau, Emerson and Byron, swing by name a few.

He also mature his interest in drawing newborn taking special lessons in position art of sketches. His prematurely art works included Shakespearean heroes like Hamlet, Macbeth and Muslim Macbeth.

These sketches were worn out with Chinese ink, or speech, or pencil.

Ameen had a readily understood talent in eloquent speaking, view in 1895, the teenager became carried away by stage flush and joined a touring  company headed by Henry Jewet (who later established his own  theatre in Boston). During the summertime of the same year, illustriousness troupe got stranded in River City, Missouri and so goodness prodigal son returned to emperor father.

However, he returned pule to rejoin the business, on the other hand to insist that his daddy give him a regular raising for a professional career. They agreed that he should burn the midnight oil law[1]. To that end, recognized attended a night school keep a year, passed the Regents Exam, and in 1897 entered the New York Law School[2].

A lung infection interrupted rulership studies, and at the site of his first year, culminate father had to send him back to Lebanon to get. Pic: Ameen standing to primacy left with his Father Fares, sitting next to him, Materfamilias Anita, sitting to the true side, together with sisters pivotal brothers, New York, 1898  

Once aggravate in Lebanon, he began schooling English in a clerical primary in return for being coached his native Arabic language.

Rihani had started reading Middle Orient poets in 1897. Among these poets were Abul-Ala’ Al-Ma’arri, whom Ameen discovered to be interpretation forerunner of Omar Khayyam. Incorporate 1899 he returned to Spanking York, having decided to decipher some of the quatrains pay the bill Al-Ma’arri into English. The labour version of the translation was published in 1903.

He began writing in English, becoming loftiness first Arab to publish take away English without renouncing his relegate Arabic language.

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During this period, he under way writing poetry in English, essays and short stories in Semite. He joined The Pleiades Club[1] in New York and became a regular contributor to alteration Arabic daily newspaper, Al-Huda, accessible in New York City. Closure wrote about social traditions, idealistic tolerance, national politics and conjecture.

Thus, he began his wide-ranging literary career, bridging two apples. He published his first flash books in Arabic in 1902 and 1903: Nubzha fith-Thawra-l Faranciya (A Treatise of the Romance Revolution), and Al-Muḥalafa-th Thulathiyya fil Mamlaka-l Ḥyawaniyya (The Trilateral Worship of the Animal Kingdom) conveyance.

The first is a massive study on Carlyle’s work gentle wind the French Revolution, and blue blood the gentry second a play criticizing pious traditional beliefs; the play was written in a legend alteration with animal characters: the plug, the mule, the donkey mount the fox. In 1904 Rihani joined the National Art Music hall Society[2].

He was the exclusive Arab American member joining that association.

[1]  Rihani, Albert, Where to Find Ameen Rihani, Catalogue, The Arab Institute for Evaluation and Publishing, Beirut, 1979, pp. 19-20.

[2]New York Law School (NYLS) is a private law institution in New York City.

NYLS has a full-time day information, a part-time evening program, give orders to a two-year accelerated J.D. honors program. Established in 1891. Fellow. George Chase was the Father of the School from 1891 till 1918. The School engaged its first classes in influence Equitable Building at 120 Street, in Lower Manhattan's Financial Sector.

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Rihani was enrolled now the Law School for excellence academic year 1897-1898.

Rihani’s first latest work in English was grand collection of rhymed verse ode with the title of Myrtle and Myrrh published in 1905, Boston, Gorham Press[1]. The bigger themes of this poetry collecting are: emotional reflections, love, hurt, and nature.

It is representation first collection of English song published by an Arab bard in the early twentieth century.

Khalid, the Rihani Essays and Different

In 1905 he returned find time for his native mountains. During apartment house ensuing six-year period of emptiness, he published, in Arabic, glimmer volumes of essays, entitled Ar-Rihaniyyāt (The Rihani Essays), Beirut, 1910, the book that established him as a forward thinker present-day a visionary[2].

Book One comprises: “Who Am I”, “Religious Tolerance”, “The Lights of Thought”, “From Borough Bridge”, “From the Rooftops some New York”, “Modern Civilization”, Depiction Spirit of Our Times”, “The Great City”, “Ethics”, “The Speech Trees” …; Book Two consists of: “The Trilateral Wisdom”, “Armies of the Future”, “In nobility Spring of Despair”, “The Digressive Truth”, “Optimism”, “Between Me service Myself”, “The Great Truth”, “The State of the Future”, “The Book of Dawn”, “Trinities”, “The Most Exalted Prophet”, “In Look after of Light” … The greater themes of The Rihani Essays are: religious tolerance, the feelings of our times, the Unadulterated City, ethics, trilateral wisdom, interpretation spring of despair, the grand Prophet...

The Philosophy of prestige book could be summarized invite the following statement: The Just what the doctor ordered City is based on permissiveness, ethics, truth, freedom, optimism, sports ground the spirit of our times.

[3} The Pleiades Club, New Royalty, was an association of artists and those with artistic interests in Greenwich Village.

It was founded in 1896, was composite in 1902, and continued inconclusive the 1930s. The Club restricted weekly performances and granted scholarships to budding artists. It promulgated a yearbook, The Pleiades. Between the members of the Clump Club named: Mark Twain, Clara Louise Kellogg, Valerian Gribayedoff, Man Tagliapietra, Cleveland Moffett, Stephen Author, Sam Chamberlain, William Garrison, remarkable George Luks.

Ameen Rihani united the Pleiades Club since 1903.

[4]The National Art Theatre Society, New York, was an put together of American dramatists to support activities related to the carrying out arts, particularly to the cheerful of acting on stage. Outlet was established in 1903. Unadulterated year after, the society promulgated the Manual of the Local ART Theatre Society of Another York, 1904, including its hand in, rules and regulations, membership, become more intense a list of its members.

[5]   Another edition was published ceremonial the centennial of this control English poetry collection of Ameen Rihani entitled:  Myrtle and Myrrh, 2005, Platform International, Washington D.C., 59 pages.

[6]  In celebration fine the first Centennial of primacy book Ar-Rihaniyyat (1910-2010) a transcription of the book, from significance original Arabic into English, was completed by Mrs.

Rula Zuheir Baalbaki and revised by Dr. Amal Saleeby Malek, and publicized at Platform International, Washington, D.C., 2010, 531 pages.

As a elucidation of Ar-Rihaniyyāt, the Egyptian communication hailed him as "The Expert of Freike"; and his intellectual moto, “Say your Say illustrious Go Thy Way”, published bayou the book, became quite popular in Lebanon and the Semite World.

Also, during this interval, he published a book assert allegories (What is the phone up of the book?) and skilful few short stories and unornamented play. From 1907 till 1910 Rihani worked on writing coronate philosophical novel in English elite The Book of Khalid, grandeur first English novel to befall written by an Arab author.

Rihani, who was influenced by authority American poet Walt Whitman, has introduced free verse to Semite poetry.

His new style sell poetry was published as perfectly as 1903. This new belief flourished in the Arab fake and continued to lead contemporary Arab poetry after Rihani's stain in 1940 and throughout nobleness second half of the Ordinal century. Additionally, he lectured conflict the Syrian Protestant College (later The American University of Beirut) and in a few overturn institutions in Lebanon and greatness Arab World, as well gorilla in the cities of Metropolis, Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem.

He further worked, along with other steady leaders, for the liberation confront his country from the Turkic rule. During that period Ameen wrote his English play advantaged Wajda[1], a “Shakespearean” drama offended tragedy, Greek in its entertain, and Arab Eastern in academic historical background. Rihani in Port, Egypt, 1905 

[1]Wajda, a play be glad about four acts, Platform International, President D.C., first edition 2001 posthumous, 102 pages.

On October 1, 1909, Rihani’s play Abdul Hamid in The Astana was put one\'s hands on stage in Beirut. Besides, his speech entitled "The Positive City", was published in honourableness newspapers in Lebanon and primacy Arab World. Consequently, the Hassock authorities were offended by Rihani’s play and speech.

Rihani became in danger of being and prosecuted based on assessment of insulting the Ottoman Management (the High Door). For these reasons Rihani decided to move again and go back come to get the USA[1].

Paris and London

On rulership way to New York Rihani stopped in Paris where illegal met Kahlil Gibran.[2].

Rihani squeeze Gibran spent nearly a thirty days together in Paris in 1910, and then travelled together keep London At the end have fun their stay in London, Author went back to Paris, spell Rihani continued to the States.

Scholars have suggested different dates and objectives for  this call in. However, after extensive research impervious to Professor Ameen Albert Rihani, station based on documents he reviewed, he concluded that  on birth fifth of June 1910[3], Rihani met, in Paris, Kahlil Author.

Gibran writes to Mary Haskell saying: “My friend Rihani problem a great poet. He decline coming from the East elect produce a play in London… We will go together stay in England. I am delighted think a lot of see him. He has trim bright face and a leaning soul”[4]. Rihani also  met Patriarch Huwayek in Paris, and rank three Lebanese spent almost exceptional whole month together.

They visited together the Louvre Museum, Palace Versailles, several art museums, greatness Opera House and other authentic Chateaux[5].

In Paris, Rihani met assorted friends, such as Chukri Ghanem, author of Antar, Khairallah Khairallah, assistant editor of Le Temps newspaper, and Abbas Bijjani, efficient Lebanese businessman living in France.

By the end of June, Rihani left Paris to London whither they stayed all the four weeks of July.

In London they met the Irish General Communal. F. P. O’Conner and went with him to visit honesty House of Senators and magnanimity House of Commons. They along with visited Windsor Palace accompanied by Senior Welap. Also, both Rihani predominant Gibran were invited to calligraphic poetry recital by Madam magnanimity Baron De Bert-ouch at leadership Poetry Society.[13]

[8] Rihani, Ameen Albert, Faylasuf-ul Furaika Saḥib-ul Madinat-il Uzhma, (The Philosopher of Freike, Author sign over the Great City), a depreciatory study, Al-Jeel Publishers, Beirut, 1987, pp.

48-52.

[9]  We have clumsy evidence whether the friendship have power over Rihani and Gibran started shore Lebanon before their meeting delight Paris in 1910 or not.

[10] Ameen writes to his kinsman Joe on May 17, 1910 saying: “I am leaving flood the Messagerie steamer for Marseilles on the 24^th, arriving implement Paris about the second rule June…”, English letters of Ameen Rihani, Rihani Museum Archives, Freike, Lebanon, computer typewritten copy, Vol.

I, Chap. II, p. 90.

[11] Otto, Annie Salem, The Letters of Kahlil Gibran esoteric Mary Haskell, Southern Printing Society, Houston, 1967, p. 46.

[12] Huwayek, Joseph, My Memories bend Gibran, ed. By Edwik Juraidini Shayboub, Al-Ahad Publishers, Beirut, n.d., pp.

183-199.